1.  They may readily move along the ground in the erect, or semi-erect position, and without direct support from the arms.

2.  They may possess an extremely loud voice, so loud as to be readily heard one or two miles.

3.  They may be capable of great viciousness and violence when irritated; and this is especially true of adult males.

4.  They may build a nest to sleep in.

He finds the same general characters in the case of the gorilla and chimpanzee, but in their case there was not quite so reliable evidence upon which to go.

Although, since Huxley wrote, there has been much greater opportunity of studying anthropoid apes, both in confinement and in their native haunts, there is not much to add to his account.  Some little time ago, the world was interested by the assertion of a clever American that he had discovered a kind of language used by the higher apes, and that he was able to communicate with them.  Mr. Garnier, the person in question, declared his intention of going out to tropical Africa and establishing himself in a strong cage in the forests inhabited by gorillas and chimpanzees, in the hope that, impelled by curiosity, they would look upon him as we look on monkeys in a zooelogical garden, and that he would thus be able to make his knowledge and records of monkey language more perfect.  As a matter of fact he went to Africa, and on his return published a volume which aroused the indignation of naturalists.  There was internal evidence that he had gone no further than the garden of a coast station, and his pretended account of the habits of monkeys as they lived in their native haunts contained nothing that was not already known.  There is no doubt but that the anthropoid apes, like many other animals, use modulations of their voice to express emotional states; that, in fact, they have love-cries and cries of warning, of alarm, and of pleasure; but there is not the smallest evidence to suppose that in the case of the anthropoids these cries approach more nearly to speech than the cries of any other of the higher mammals.

Since Huxley’s volume was published, a large amount of information has been published by Darwin, Romanes, and others upon the mental capacities of anthropoids kept in confinement, and the result of this has been to prove that the anthropoids, in especial the chimpanzees, possess mental powers more akin to those of man than are to be found in the most intelligent of the quadrupeds.  We may cite some instances of these higher powers.  Vosmaern had a tame female orang-outang that was able to untie the most intricate knot with fingers or teeth, and took such pleasure in doing it that she regularly untied the shoes of those who came near her.  The female chimpanzee called Sally, that lived for many years in the Zooelogical Society’s Gardens in London, was taught by its keeper and by Romanes an interesting variety of “tricks” involving at least the rudiments of what may be called