small digits are so disposed that they could have
     had but very little functional importance, and they must have
     been rather of the nature of the dew-claws, such as are to be
     found in many ruminant animals.  The Hipparion, as the extinct
     European three-toed horse is called, in fact presents a foot
     similar to that of the American Protohippus except that in
     Hipparion the smaller digits are situated further back, and are
     of smaller proportional size than in the Protohippus.

      “The ulna is slightly more distinct than in the horse; and the
     whole length of it, as a very slender shaft, intimately united
     with the radius, is completely traceable.  The fibula appears to
     be in the same condition as in the horse.  The teeth of the
     Hipparion are essentially similar to those of the horse, but
     the pattern of the grinders is in some respects a little more
     complex, and there is a depression on the face of the skull in
     front of the orbit, which is not seen in existing horses.

      “In the earlier Miocene and perhaps in the Eocene deposits of
     some parts of Europe, another distinct animal has been
     discovered, which Cuvier, who first described some fragments of
     it, considered to be a Palaeotherium, but as further discoveries
     threw new light on its structure, it was recognised as a distinct
     genus, under the name of Anchitherium.

      “In its general characters the skeleton of Anchitherium is
     very similar to that of the horse, in fact Lartet and De
     Blainville called it Palaeotherium equinum or Hippoides; and
     De Cristol, in 1847, said that it differed from Hipparion in
     little more than the characters of the teeth, and gave it the
     name of Hipparitherium.  Each foot possesses three complete
     toes:  while the lateral toes are much larger in proportion to the
     middle toe than in Hipparion, and doubtless rested on the
     ground in ordinary locomotion.  The ulna is complete and quite
     distinct from the radius, although firmly united with the latter. 
     The fibula seems also to have been complete; its lower end,
     though intimately united with that of the tibia, is clearly
     united with that of the latter bone.  There are forty-four teeth;
     the incisors have no strong pit.  The canines seem to have been
     well developed in both sexes.  The first of the seven grinders,
     which, as I have said, is frequently absent, and, when it does
     exist, is small in the horse, is a good-sized and permanent
     tooth, while the grinder which follows it is but little larger
     than the hinder ones.  The crowns of the grinders are short, and,
     although the fundamental pattern of the horse-tooth is
     discernible, the front and back ridges are less curved, the
     accessory pillars are wanting, and the valleys, much shallower,
     are not filled up with cement.”