CHAPTER XVII.

  Catherine I.
  Anna Ivanovna
  Ivan VI. 
  Elizabeth Petrovna
  French Influences Succeed the German
  Peter III. 
  His Taking off
  Catherine II.

CHAPTER XVIII.

  Conditions in Poland
  Victories in the Black Sea
  Pugatchek the Pretender
  Peasants’ War
  Reforms
  Partition of Poland
  Characteristics of Catherine and of her Reign
  Her Death

CHAPTER XIX.

  Paul I.
  Napoleon Bonaparte
  Franco-Russian Understanding
  Assassination of Paul
  Alexander I.

CHAPTER XX.

  Plans for a Liberal Reign
  Austerlitz
  Alexander I. an Ally of Napoleon
  Rupture of Friendship
  French Army in Moscow
  Its Retreat and Extinction
  The Tsar a Liberator in Europe
  Failure of Reforms
  Araktcheef’s Severities
  Conspiracy at Kief
  Death of Alexander I.

CHAPTER XXI.

  Constantine’s Renunciation
  Revolt
  Succession of Nicholas I.
  Order Restored
  Character of Nicholas
  His Policy
  Polish Insurrection
  Reactionary Measures
  Europe Excluded
  Turco-Russian Understanding
  Beginning of the Great Diplomatic Game
  Nature of the Eastern Question
  Intellectual Expansion in Russia

CHAPTER XXII.

1848 in Europe Nicholas Aids Francis Joseph Hungary Subjugated Nicholas claims to be Protector of Eastern Christendom Attempt to Secure England’s Co-operation Russia’s Grievance against Turkey His Demands France and England in Alliance for Defense of Sultan Allied Armies in the Black Sea The Crimean War Odessa Alma Siege of Sevastopol Death of Nicholas I.

CHAPTER XXIII.

  Alexander II. 
  End of Crimean War
  Reaction Toward Liberalism
  Emancipation of Serfs
  Means by which It was Effected
  Patriarchalism Retained
  Hopes Awakened in Poland
  Rebellion
  How it was Disposed of

CHAPTER XXIV.

  Reaction toward Severity
  Bulgaria and the Bashi-Bazuks
  Russia the Champion of the Balkan States
  Turco-Russian War
  Treaty of San Stefano
  Sentiment in Europe
  Congress of Berlin
  Diplomatic Defeat of Russia
  Waning Popularity of Alexander II.

CHAPTER XXV.

  Emancipation a Disappointment
  Social Discontent
  Birth of Nihilism
  Assassination of Alexander II. 
  The Peasants’ Wreath
  Alexander III. 
  A Joyless Reign
  His Death