It is the attribute of genius to discern opportunity where others see nothing.  Charlemagne saw rising out of this chaos a great resuscitated Roman Empire, which should be at the same time a spiritual and Christian empire as well.  Saxons, Slavs, Huns, Lombards, Arabs, came under his compelling grasp; these antagonistic races all held together by the force of one terrible will, in unnatural combination with France.  No political liberties, no popular assemblies discussing public measures; it is Charlemagne alone who fills the picture; it is absolutism—­marked by prudence, ability, and grandeur, but still, absolutism.

The pope looked approvingly upon this son of the Church, by whose order 4,500 pagan heads could be cut off in one day, and a whole army compelled to baptism in an afternoon.  Here was a champion to be propitiated.  Charlemagne, on the other hand, saw in the Church the most compliant and effective means to empire.

His fertile mind was conceiving a vast design by which he might reign over a resuscitated Roman Empire.  In the dual sovereignty of his dream, the pope was to be the spiritual and he the temporal head.  Mutually dependent upon each other, the election of the pope would not be valid without his consent.  Nor would the emperor be emperor until crowned by the pope.  The Church might use him as a sword, but he would wear the Church as a precious jewel in his crown.

It was a splendid dream, splendidly realized; the most imposing of human successes, and the most impressive of human failures.  It seems designed as a lesson for the human race in the transitory nature of power applied from without.

A pyramid of such colossal proportions could only be kept from falling in pieces by another Colossus like himself.  The vast fabric resting upon one human will, passed with its creator; was gone like a shadow when he was gone.

It will be remembered that the Roman Empire in its decay fell into two parts, a Western and an Eastern empire.  The dying embers of the Western empire, which had been fanned into a feeble flame in the sixth century by Justinian, Emperor of the East, were threatened with complete extinguishment by the Lombards in the eighth; from which calamity they were saved, as we have seen, by Pepin.  So when the Franks were again appealed to, Charlemagne saw his opportunity.  With plans fully matured he responded, and with the consent and acquiescence of the pope he took formal possession of the whole of Italy, annexing to his own dominions the crumbling wreck of a magnificent past.  And when Leo III. placed upon his head the crown, and pronounced “Carolus-Magnus, by the grace of God Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire” (A.D. 800), the authority of the pope was placed upon unassailable heights, and France had become the centre of a world-wide dominion.

[Illustration:  Coronation of Charlemagne.  From the painting by Levy.]