to submit to foreign conquest and the imposition of foreign institutions.  Yet let it not be supposed that its annals are peaceful and uneventful.  The land supplied its own complications, for of the many races inhabiting it, three, the Burmese, Talaings and Shans, had rival aspirations and founded dynasties.  Of these three races, the Burmese proper appear to have come from the north west, for a chain of tribes speaking cognate languages is said to extend from Burma to Nepal.  The Mons or Talaings are allied linguistically to the Khmers of Camboja.  Their country (sometimes called Ramannadesa) was in Lower Burma and its principal cities were Pegu and Thaton.  The identity of the name Talaing with Telingana or Kalinga is not admitted by all scholars, but native tradition connects the foundation of the kingdom with the east coast of India and it seems certain that such a connection existed in historical times and kept alive Hinayanist Buddhism which may have been originally introduced by this route.

The Shan States lie in the east of Burma on the borders of Yunnan and Laos.  Their traditions carry their foundation back to the fourth and fifth centuries B.C.  There is no confirmation of this, but bodies of Shans, a race allied to the Siamese, may have migrated into this region at any date, perhaps bringing Buddhism with them or receiving it direct from China.  Recent investigations have shown that there was also a fourth race, designated as Pyus, who occupied territory between the Burmese and Talaings in the eleventh century.  They will probably prove of considerable importance for philology and early history, perhaps even for the history of some phases of Burmese Buddhism, for the religious terms found in their inscriptions are Sanskrit rather than Pali and this suggests direct communication with India.  But until more information is available any discussion of this interesting but mysterious people involves so many hypotheses and arguments of detail that it is impossible in a work like the present.  Prome was one of their principal cities, their name reappears in P’iao, the old Chinese designation of Burma, and perhaps also in Pagan, one form of which is Pugama.[124]

Throughout the historical period the pre-eminence both in individual kings and dynastic strength rested with the Burmese but their contests with the Shans and Talaings form an intricate story which can be related here only in outline.  Though the three races are distinct and still preserve their languages, yet they conquered one another, lived in each other’s capitals and shared the same ambitions so that in more recent centuries no great change occurred when new dynasties came to power or territory was redistributed.  The long chronicle of bloodstained but ineffectual quarrels is relieved by the exploits of three great kings, Anawrata, Bayin Naung and Alompra.