k, kh, g, n, c, oh, j, ny. t, th, d, n, p, ph, b, m. ts, ths, ds, w. zh, z, h, y. r, l, s, s, h.

Although tsh is in some respects preferable to represent an aspirated ts, yet it is liable to be pronounced as in the English words hat shop, and perhaps ths is on the whole better.]

[Footnote 911:  See Waddell, Buddhism of Tibet, p. 19.]

[Footnote 912:  It has been argued (e.g., J.R.A.S., 1903, p. 11) that discoveries in Central Asia indicate that Tibetan civilization and therefore Tibetan Buddhism are older than is generally supposed.  But recent research shows that Central Asian MSS. of even the eighth century say little about Buddhism, whatever testimony they may bear to civilization.]

[Footnote 913:  See Hoernle MS. Remains found in E. Turkestan, 1916, pp. xvii ff., and Francke, Epig.  Ind.  XI. 266 ff., and on the other side Laufer in J.A.O.S. 1918, pp. 34 ff.  There is a considerable difference between the printed and cursive forms of the Tibetan alphabet.  Is it possible that they have different origins and that the former came from Bengal, the latter from Khotan?]

[Footnote 914:  There were some other streams of Buddhism, for the king had a teacher called Santarakshita who advised him to send for Padma-Sambhava and Padma-Sambhava was opposed by Chinese bonzes.]

[Footnote 915:  The Pad-ma-than-yig.  It indicates some acquaintance with Islam and mentions Hulugu Khan.  See T’oung Pao, 1896, pp. 526 ff.  See for a further account Grunwedel, Mythologie, p. 47, Waddell, Buddhism, p. 380, and the Tibetan text edited and translated by Laufer under the title Der Roman einer tibetischen Konigin, especially pp. 250 ff.  Also E. Schlagintweit, “Die Lebensbeschreibung von Padma-Sambhava,” Abhand. k. bayer.  Akad. I. CL. xxi.  Bd. ii.  Abth. 419-444, and ib. I. CL. xxii.  Bd. iii.  Abth. 519-576.]

[Footnote 916:  Much of Chinese popular religion has the same character.  See De Groot, Religious System of China, vol.  VI. pp. 929, 1187.  “The War against Spectres.”]

[Footnote 917:  Both he and the much later Saskya Pandita are said to have understood the Bruzha language, for which see T’oung Pao, 1908, pp. 1-47.]

[Footnote 918:  Or bSam-yas.  See Waddell, Buddhism, p. 266, for an account of this monastery at the present day.]

[Footnote 919:  The Tibetan word bLama means upper and is properly applicable to the higher clergy only though commonly used of all.]

[Footnote 920:  He was temporarily banished owing to the intrigues of the Queen, who acted the part of Potiphar’s wife, but he was triumphantly restored.  A monk called Vairocana is also said to have introduced Buddhism into Khotan from Kashmir, but at a date which though uncertain must be considerably earlier than this.]

[Footnote 921:  See Journal of Buddhist Text Society, 1893, p. 5.  I imagine that by Hoshang Mahayana the followers of Bodhidharma are meant.]