[Footnote 666:  The officials whose duty it was to remonstrate with the Emperor if he acted wrongly.]

[Footnote 667:  Giles, Chinese Literature, pp. 201, 202—­somewhat abbreviated.]

[Footnote 668:  See Wieger, Textes Historiques, vol.  III. pp. 1744 ff.]

[Footnote 669:  “Thousands of ten-thousands of Ch’ing.”  A Ch’ing = 15.13 acres.]

[Footnote 670:  Presumably similar to the temple slaves of Camboja, etc.]

[Footnote 671:  One Emperor of this epoch, Shih-Tsung of the later Chou dynasty, suppressed monasteries and coined bronze images into currency, declaring that Buddha, who in so many births had sacrificed himself for mankind, would have no objection to his statues being made useful.  But in the South Buddhism nourished in the province of Fukien under the princes of Min [Chinese:  ] and the dynasty which called itself Southern T’ang.]

[Footnote 672:  [Chinese:  ] See Kokka No. 309, 1916.]

[Footnote 673:  [Chinese:  ]]

[Footnote 674:  The decrease in translations is natural for by this time Chinese versions had been made of most works which had any claim to be translated.]

[Footnote 675:  See Biot, L’instruction publique en Chine, p. 350.]

[Footnote 676:  [Chinese:  ]]

[Footnote 677:  See Le Gall, Varietes Sinologiques, No. 6 Tchou-Hi:  Sa doctrine Son influence.  Shanghai, 1894, pp. 90, 122.]

[Footnote 678:  [Chinese:  ] Compare the similar doctrines of Wang Yang-Ming.]

[Footnote 679:  E.g. his elder brother Mangku who showed favour to Buddhists, Mohammedans and Nestorians alike.  He himself wished to obtain Christian teachers from the Pope, by the help of Marco Polo, but probably merely from curiosity.]

[Footnote 680:  More accurately hPhags-pa.  It is a title rather than a name, being the Tibetan equivalent of Arya.  Khubilai seems to be the correct transcription of the Emperor’s name.  The Tibetan and Chinese transcriptions are Hvopilai and Hu-pi-lieh.]

[Footnote 681:  For this curious work see B.E.F.E.O. 1908, p. 515, and J.A. 1913, I, pp. 116-132.  For the destruction of Taoist books see Chavannes in T’oung Pao, 1904, p. 366.]

[Footnote 682:  At the present day an ordinary Chinese regards a Lama as quite different from a Hoshang or Buddhist monk.]

[Footnote 683:  The Yuan Emperors were no doubt fond of witnessing religious theatricals in the Palace.  See for extracts from Chinese authors, New China Review, 1919, pp. 68 ff.  Compare the performances of the T’ang Emperor Su Tsung mentioned above.]

[Footnote 684:  For the ecclesiastical abuses of the time see Koppen, II. 103, and de Mailla, Histoire de la Chine, IX. 475, 538.]

[Footnote 685:  See Wieger, Textes Historiques, III. p. 2013, and De Groot, Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China, I. p. 82.  He is often called Hung Wu which is strictly speaking the title of his reign.  He was certainly capable of changing his mind, for he degraded Mencius from his position in Confucian temples one year and restored him the next.]