FOOTNOTES: 

[Footnote 557:  For Chinese Buddhism see especially Johnston, Chinese Buddhism, 1913 (cited as Johnston).  Much information about the popular side of Buddhism and Taoism nay be found in Recherches sur les superstitions en Chine par le Pere Henri Dore, 10 vols. 1911-1916, Shanghai (cited as Dore).]

[Footnote 558:  A curious instance of deification is mentioned in Museon, 1914, p. 61.  It appears that several deceased Jesuits have been deified.  For a recent instance of deification in 1913 see Dore, X. p. 753.]

[Footnote 559:  The spirits called San Kuan [Chinese:  ] or San Yuan [Chinese:  ] are a good instance of Chinese deities.  The words mean Three Agents or Principles who strictly speaking have no names:  (a) Originally they appear to represent Heaven, Earth and Water. (b) Then they stand for three periods of the year and the astrological influences which rule each, (c) As Agents, and more or less analogous to human personalities, Heaven gives happiness, Earth pardons sins and Water delivers from misfortune. (d)They are identified with the ancient Emperors Yao, Shun, Yu. (e) They are also identified with three Censors under the Emperor Li-Wang, B.C. 878-841.]

[Footnote 560:  [Chinese:  ] Hsuan Chuang’s own account of his travels bears the slightly different title of Hsi-Yu-Chi. [Chinese:  ] The work noticed here is attributed to Chiu Ch’ang Ch’un, a Taoist priest of the thirteenth century.  It is said to be the Buddhist book most widely read in Korea where it is printed in the popular script.  An abridged English translation has been published by T. Richard under the title of A Mission to Heaven.]

[Footnote 561:  I am writing immediately after the abolition of the Imperial Government (1912), and what I say naturally refers to a state of things which is passing away.  But it is too soon to say how the new regime will affect religion.  There is an old saying that China is supported by the three religions as a tripod by three legs.]

[Footnote 562:  [Chinese:  ] strictly speaking the title of his reign 1573-1620.]

[Footnote 563:  Compare Anal.  IX. 1 and xiv. 38. 2.  See also Doctrine of the Mean, chap, xvi, for more positive views about spirits.]

[Footnote 564:  [Chinese:  ] and [Chinese:  ] See De Groot, “Origins of the Taoist Church” in Trans.  Third Congress Hist.  Relig. 1908.]

[Footnote 565:  Chang Yuan-hsu, who held office in 1912, was deprived of his titles by the Republican Government.  In 1914 petitions were presented for their restoration, but I do not know with what result.  See Peking Daily News, September 5th, 1914.]

[Footnote 566:  Something similar may be seen in Mormonism where angels and legends have been invented by individual fancy without any background of tradition.]