[Footnote 543:  XII. p. 23.]

[Footnote 544:  Transl.  Schiefner, pp. 93, 105 and 303, and Pander’s Pantheon, No. 11.  But Taranatha also says that he was Aryadeva’s pupil.]

[Footnote 545:  Sara in Sanskrit.]

[Footnote 546:  The doctrine of salvation by faith alone seems to be later.  The longer and apparently older version of the Sukhavati Vyuha insists on good works as a condition of entry into Paradise.]

[Footnote 547:  S.B.E. IV. p. 293; ib. XXXIII. pp. 317 and 344.]

[Footnote 548:  It may also be noticed that Ameretat, the Archangel of immortality, presides over vegetation and that Amida’s paradise is full of flowers.]

[Footnote 549:  S.B.E. XXIII. pp. 335-7.]

[Footnote 550:  S.B.E. XXXI. p. 261.]

[Footnote 551:  S.B.E. XXIII. pp. 21-31 (the Ormasd Yasht).]

[Footnote 552:  Is it possible that there is any connection between Sukhavati and the land of Saukavastan, governed by an immortal ruler and located by the Bundehish between Turkistan and Chinistan?  I imagine there is no etymological relationship, but if Saukavastan was well known as a land of the blessed it may have influenced the choice of a significant Sanskrit word with a similar sound.]

[Footnote 553:  E.R.E. sub voce.]

[Footnote 554:  J.A. 1912, I. p. 622.  Unfortunately only a brief notice of his communication is given with no details.  See also S. Levi, Le Nepal, pp. 330 ff.]

[Footnote 555:  Ti-tsang in Chinese, Jizo in Japanese.  See for his history Visser’s elaborate articles in Ostasiatische Ztsft. 1913-1915.]

[Footnote 556:  He was accepted by the Manichaeans as one of the Envoys of Light. J.A. 1911, II. p. 549.]

CHAPTER XLII

CHINA

Prefatory note.

For the transcription of Chinese words I use the modern Peking pronunciation as represented in Giles’s Dictionary.  It may be justly objected that of all dialects Pekingese is perhaps the furthest removed from ancient Chinese and therefore unsuited for historical studies and also that Wade’s system of transcription employed by Giles is open to serious criticism.  But, on the other hand, I am not competent to write according to the pronunciation of Nanking or Canton all the names which appear in these chapters and, if I were, it would not be a convenience to my readers.  Almost all English works of reference about China use the forms registered in Giles’s Dictionary or near approximations to them, and any variation would produce difficulty and confusion.  French and German methods of transcribing Chinese differ widely from Wade’s and unfortunately there seems to be no prospect of sinologues agreeing on any international system.

INTRODUCTORY.