[Footnote 502:  S. Levi, J.A. 1913, ii. p. 348, quoting Hsu Kao Seng Chuan.]

[Footnote 503:  Quoted by S. Levi from the Sung Kao Seng Chuan.  See J.A. 1913, II. p. 344 and B.E.F.E.O. 1904, p. 562.]

[Footnote 504:  As a proof of foreign influence in Chinese culture, it is interesting to note that there were seven orchestras for the imperial banquets, including those of Kucha, Bokhara and India and a mixed one in which were musicians from Samarkand, Kashgar, Camboja and Japan.]

[Footnote 505:  Quoted by Bretschneider, Mediaeval Researches, ii. 189.]

[Footnote 506:  Pelliot, J.A. 1912, i. p. 579, suggests that Chotscho or Qoco is the Turkish equivalent of Kao Ch’ang in T’ang pronunciation, the nasal being omitted.]

[Footnote 507:  Chavannes, Tou-kiue Occidentaux, p. 101.]

[Footnote 508:  For the history of Khotan see Remusat, Ville de Khotan, 1820, and Stein’s great work Ancient Khotan, especially chapter vii.  For the Tibetan traditions see Rockhill, Life of the Buddha, pp. 230 ff.]

[Footnote 509:  Ku-stana seems to have been a learned perversion of the name, to make it mean breast of the earth.]

[Footnote 510:  The combination is illustrated by the Sino-Kharoshthi coins with a legend in Chinese on the obverse and in Prakrit on the reverse.  See Stein, Ancient Khotan, p. 204.  But the coins are later than 73 A.D.]

[Footnote 511:  The Tibetan text gives the date of conversion as the reign of King Vijayasambhava, 170 years after the foundation of Khotan.]

[Footnote 512:  See Sten Konow in J.R.A.S. 1914, p. 345.]

[Footnote 513:  See Stein, Ancient Khotan, pp. 170, 456.]

[Footnote 514:  Chavannes, Tou-kiue, p. 125, cf. pp. 121 and 170.  For Hsien shen see Giles’s Chinese Dict. No. 4477.]

[Footnote 515:  Beal, Life, p. 205.]

[Footnote 516:  Identified by Stein with Kohmari Hill which is still revered by Mohammedans as a sacred spot.]

[Footnote 517:  Desert Cathay, II. p. 114.]

[Footnote 518:  See Watters, Yuan Chwang, II. p. 296.  Beal, Life. p. 205.  Chavannes, “Voyage de Sung Yun.” B.E.F.E.O. 1903, 395, and for the Tibetan sources, Rockhill, Life of the Buddha, chap.  VIII.  One of the four Tibetan works is expressly stated to be translated from Khotanese.]

[Footnote 519:  The Tibetan Chronicles of Li-Yul say that they worshipped Vaisravana and Srimahadevi.]

[Footnote 520:  A monk from Kashmir called Vairocana was also active in Tibet about 750 A.D.]

[Footnote 521:  It is also possible that Buddhism had a bad time in the fifth and sixth centuries at the hands of the Tanguts, Juan-Juan and White Huns.]

[Footnote 522:  The Later Han Annals say that the Hindus are weaker than the Yueh-chih and are not accustomed to fight because they are Buddhists. (See T’oung Pao, 1910, p. 192.) This seems to imply that the Yueh-chih were not Buddhists.  But even this was the real view of the compiler of the Annals we do not know from what work he took this statement nor to what date it refers.]