[Footnote 484:  These of course are not the Osmanlis or Turks of Constantinople.  The Osmanlis are the latest of the many branches of the Turks, who warred and ruled in Central Asia with varying success from the fifth to the eighth centuries.]

[Footnote 485:  That is Kashgar, Khotan, Kucha and Tokmak for which last Karashahr was subsequently substituted.  The territory was also called An Hsi.]

[Footnote 486:  See for lists and details Chavannes, Documents sur les Tou-kiue Occidentaux, pp. 67 ff. and 270 ff.]

[Footnote 487:  The conquest and organization of the present Chinese Turkestan dates only from the reign of Ch’ien Lung.]

[Footnote 488:  Thus the pilgrim Wu-K’ung mentions Chinese officials in the Four Garrisons.]

[Footnote 489:  See for this part of their history, Grenard’s article in J.A. 1900, I. pp. 1-79.]

[Footnote 490:  Pelliot also attributes importance to a Sogdian Colony to the south of Lob Nor, which may have had much to do with the transmission of Buddhism and Nestorianism to China.  See J.A. Jan. 1916, pp. 111-123.]

[Footnote 491:  These words have been connected with the tribe called Sacae, Sakas, or Sok.]

[Footnote 492:  See Klaproth, Tabl.  Historique, p. 166, apparently quoting from Chinese sources.  Specht, J.A. 1897, II. p. 187.  Franke, Beitr.-zur Kenntniss Zentral-Asiens, p. 83.  The passage quoted by Specht from the Later Han Annals clearly states that the Yueh-chih made a man of their own choosing prince of Kashgar, although, as Franke points out, it makes no reference to Kanishka or the story of the hostages related by Hsuan Chuang.]

[Footnote 493:  Fa-Hsien’s Chieh-ch’a has been interpreted as Skardo, but Chavannes seems to have proved that it is Kashgar.]

[Footnote 494:  About 643 A.D.  He mentions that the inhabitants tattooed their bodies, flattened their children’s heads and had green eyes.  Also that they spoke a peculiar language.]

[Footnote 495:  At Bamian the monks belonged to the Lokottaravadin School.]

[Footnote 496:  Beal, Records, II. p. 278.  The pilgrim is speaking from hearsay and it is not clear to what part of Persia he refers.]

[Footnote 497:  See Chavannes, Documents sur les Tou-kiue Occidentaux, pp. 121, 125.  The inhabitants of K’ang (Samarkand or Sogdiana) are said to honour both religions. Ib. p. 135.]

[Footnote 498:  Known to the Chinese by several slightly different names such as Ku-chih, Kiu-tse which are all attempts to represent the same sound.  For Kucha see S. Levi’s most interesting article “Le ‘Tokharien B’ langue de Koutcha” in J.A. 1913, II. pp. 311 ff.]

[Footnote 499:  J.A. 1913, ii. p. 326.]

[Footnote 500:  See Chavannes in Stein’s Ancient Khotan, p. 544.  The Western Tsin reigned 265-317.]

[Footnote 501:  The circumstances which provoked the expedition are not very clear.  It was escorted by the king of Turfan and other small potentates who were the vassals of the Tsin and also on bad terms with Kucha.  They probably asked Fu-chien for assistance in subduing their rival which he was delighted to give.  Some authorities (e.g. Nanjio Cat. p. 406) give Karashahr as the name of Kumarajiva’s town, but this seems to be a mistake.]