There is a gap in Javanese history from the reign of Djajabaja till 1222 at which date the Pararaton,[393] or Book of the Kings of Toemapel and Madjapahit, begins to furnish information.  The Sung annals[394] also give some account of the island but it is not clear to what years their description refers.  They imply, however, that there was an organized government and that commerce was flourishing.  They also state that the inhabitants “pray to the gods and Buddha”:  that Java was at war with eastern Sumatra:  that embassies were sent to China in 992 and 1109 and that in 1129 the Emperor gave the ruler of Java (probably Djajabaja) the title of king.

The Pararaton opens with the fall of Daha in 1222 which made Toemapel, known later as Singasari, the principal kingdom.  Five of its kings are enumerated, of whom Vishnuvardhana was buried in the celebrated shrine of Tjandi Djago, where he was represented in the guise of Buddha.  His successor Sri Rajasanagara was praised by the poet Prapantja[395] as a zealous Buddhist but was known by the posthumous name of Sivabuddha.  He was the first to use the name of Singasari and perhaps founded a new city, but the kingdom of Toemapel came to an end in his reign for he was slain by Djaja Katong,[396] prince of Daha, who restored to that kingdom its previous primacy, but only for a short time, since it was soon supplanted by Madjapahit.  The foundation of this state is connected with a Chinese invasion of Java, related at some length in the Yuan annals,[397] so that we are fortunate in possessing a double and fairly consistent account of what occurred.

We learn from these sources that some time after Khubilai Khan had conquered China, he sent missions to neighbouring countries to demand tribute.  The Javanese had generally accorded a satisfactory reception to Chinese missions, but on this occasion the king (apparently Djaja Katong) maltreated the envoy and sent him back with his face cut or tattooed.  Khubilai could not brook this outrage and in 1292 despatched a punitive expedition.  At that time Raden Vidjaja, the son-in-law of Kertanagara, had not submitted to Djaja Katong and held out at Madjapahit, a stronghold which he had founded near the river Brantas.  He offered his services to the Chinese and after a two months’ campaign Daha was captured and Djaja Katong killed.  Raden Vidjaja now found that he no longer needed his Chinese allies.  He treacherously massacred some and prepared to fight the rest.  But the Mongol generals, seeing the difficulties of campaigning in an unknown country without guides, prudently returned to their master and reported that they had taken Daha and killed the insolent king.