with the Mimamsa and other systems of philosophy, Jinendra, and grammar together with the Kasika (vritti) and the Saivottara-Kalpa.  Again an inscription of Mi-son[338] ascribes to Jaya Indravarmadeva (c. 1175 A.D.) proficiency in all the sciences as well as a knowledge of the Mahayana and the Dharmasastras, particularly the Naradiya and Bhargaviya.  To some extent original compositions in Sanskrit must have been produced, for several of the inscriptions are of considerable length and one[339] gives a quotation from a work called the Puranartha or Arthapuranasastra which appears to have been a chronicle of Champa.  But the language of the inscriptions is often careless and incorrect and indicates that the study of Sanskrit was less flourishing than in Camboja.

2

The monuments of Champa, though considerable in size and number, are inferior to those of Camboja.  The individual buildings are smaller and simpler and the groups into which they are combined lack unity.  Brick was the chief material, stone being used only when brick would not serve, as for statues and lintels.  The commonest type of edifice is a square pyramidal structure called by the Chams Kalan.  A Kalan is as a rule erected on a hill or rising ground:  its lowest storey has on the east a porch and vestibule, on the other three sides false doors.  The same shape is repeated in four upper storeys of decreasing size which however serve merely for external decoration and correspond to nothing in the interior.  This is a single windowless pyramidal cell lighted by the door and probably also by lamps placed in niches on the inner walls.  In the centre stood a pedestal for a linga or an image, with a channel to carry off libations, leading to a spout in the wall.  The outline of the tower is often varied by projecting figures or ornaments, but the sculpture is less lavish than in Camboja and Java.

In the greater religious sites several structures are grouped together.  A square wall surrounds an enclosure entered by a gateway and containing one or more Kalans, as well as smaller buildings, probably for the use of priests.  Before the gateway there is frequently a hall supported by columns but open at the sides.

All known specimens of Cham architecture are temples; palaces and other secular buildings were made of wood and have disappeared.  Of the many sanctuaries which have been discovered, the most remarkable are those of Mi-son, and Dong Duong, both in the neighbourhood of Tourane, and Po Nagar close to Nhatrang.

Mi-son[340] is an undulating amphitheatre among mountains and contains eight or nine groups of temples, founded at different times.  The earliest structures, erected by Bhadravarman I about 400, have disappeared[341] and were probably of wood, since we hear that they were burnt (apparently by an accident) in 575 A.D.  New temples were constructed by Sambhuvarman about twenty-five years later and were dedicated to Sambhu-bhadresvara,