The capital continued to be transferred under subsequent dynasties.  Under the sixth (860-900) it was at Indrapura in the north:  under the seventh (900-986) it returned to the south:  under the eighth (989-1044) it was in Vijaya, the central province.  These internal changes were accompanied by foreign attacks.  The Khmers invaded the southern province in 945.  On the north an Annamite Prince founded the kingdom of Dai-coviet, which became a thorn in the side of Champa.  In 982 its armies destroyed Indrapura, and in 1044 they captured Vijaya.  In 1069 King Rudravarman was taken prisoner but was released in return for the cession of the three northernmost provinces.  Indrapura however was rebuilt and for a time successful wars were waged against Camboja, but though the kings of Champa did not acquiesce in the loss of the northern provinces, and though Harivarman III (1074-80) was temporarily victorious, no real progress was made in the contest with Annam, whither the Chams had to send embassies practically admitting that they were a vassal state.  In the next century further disastrous quarrels with Camboja ensued and in 1192 Champa was split into two kingdoms, Vijaya in the north under a Cambojan prince and Panran in the south governed by a Cham prince but under the suzerainty of Camboja.  This arrangement was not successful and after much fighting Champa became a Khmer province though a very unruly one from 1203 till 1220.  Subsequently the aggressive vigour of the Khmers was tempered by their own wars with Siam.  But it was not the fate of Champa to be left in peace.  The invasion of Khubilai lasted from 1278 to 1285 and in 1306 the provinces of O and Ly were ceded to Annam.

Champa now became for practical purposes an Annamite province and in 1318 the king fled to Java for refuge.  This connection with Java is interesting and there are other instances of it.  King Jaya Simhavarman III (A.D. 1307) of Champa married a Javanese princess called Tapasi.  Later we hear in Javanese records that in the fifteenth century the princess Darawati of Champa married the king of Madjapahit and her sister married Raden Radmat, a prominent Moslim teacher in Java.[335]

The power of the Chams was crushed by Annam in 1470.  After this date they had little political importance but continued to exist as a nationality under their own rulers.  In 1650 they revolted against Annam without success and the king was captured.  But his widow was accorded a titular position and the Cham chronicle[336] continues the list of nominal kings down to 1822.

In Champa, as in Camboja, no books dating from the Hindu period have been preserved and probably there were not many.  The Cham language appears not to have been used for literary purposes and whatever culture existed was exclusively Sanskrit.  The kings are credited with an extensive knowledge of Sanskrit literature.  An inscription at Po-nagar[337] (918 A.D.) says that Sri Indravarman was acquainted