Necessity knows no law and discriminates in favor of no man or race.

APPENDIX

I append to this volume a portion of the testimony of Mr. John Caldwell Calhoun because of the uniform fairness with which he treated the race and labor problem in the section of country where he is an extensive landowner and employer of labor.

Mr. Calhoun’s testimony was given before the Blair Senate Committee on Education and Labor and will be found in the Committee’s Report as to The Relations between Labor and Capital. (Vol.  II, pp. 157).

     NEW YORK, Thursday, September 13, 1883

     LABOR IN THE SOUTHWEST

     JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN sworn and examined

     By the CHAIRMAN: 

     Question.  Where do you reside?—­Answer.  In Chicot County,
     Arkansas.

Q. State to the committee, if you please, where you were born, of what family connection you are, and what have been your opportunities for becoming acquainted with the past and the present condition of agricultural labor in the Southern States.  —­A.  I was born in Marengo County, Alabama.  My father was a planter there before the war.

     Q. He was a son of John C. Calhoun, the statesman?—­A.  He
     was a son of Mr. John C. Calhoun, of South Carolina.

Q. You are his grandson, then?  —­A.  Yes, sir; I am his grandson.  My father was Col.  Andrew P. Calhoun.  I was reared in South Carolina.  In 1854 my father removed his residence from his plantations in Alabama to Fort Hill, South Carolina, near Pendleton, where I was raised.  I have been identified with the agricultural interest of the South from my earliest recollections, and have been a practical cotton planter myself since the war, giving my own personal attention to my interests since 1869.

     Q. When did you remove from South Carolina? 
     —­A.  I removed from South Carolina to Chicot County,
     Arkansas, in 1869.

     Q. Until 1869 you had been a resident of South Carolina? 
     —­A.  Yes, sir.

Q. And of course very familiar with the condition of things on the Atlantic coast.  Since that time you have been in the Mississippi Valley?  —­A.  Yes, sir; my experience as a cotton planter and with the laborers of the South is confirmed, I may say, almost entirely to the Mississippi Valley, for I left South Carolina so soon after the war that things had hardly shaped themselves there so that I could form an accurate estimate of the labor or the condition of affairs in South Carolina or on the Atlantic coast.

The CHAIRMAN.  Not having had a personal acquaintance with Mr. Calhoun, and learning of his rare opportunities to give valuable information to the committee, and of his presence in the city, I addressed him a letter, calling attention to