Men organize themselves into society for mutual protection.  Government justly derives its just powers from the consent of the governed.  But what shall we say of that society which is incapable of extending the protection which is inherent in it?  What shall we say of that government which has not power or inclination to insure the exercise of those solemn rights and immunities which it guarantees?  To declare a man to be free, and equal with his fellow, and then to refrain from enacting laws powerful to insure him in such freedom and equality, is to trifle with the most sacred of all the functions of sovereignty.  Have not the United States done this very thing?  Have they not conferred freedom and the ballot, which are necessary the one to the other?  And have they not signally failed to make omnipotent the one and practicable the other?  The questions hardly require an answer.  The measure of freedom the black man enjoys can be gauged by the power he has to vote.  He has, practically, no voice in the government under which he lives.  His property is taxed and his life is jeopardized, by states on the one hand and inefficient police regulations on the other, and no question is asked or expected of him.  When he protests, when he cries out against this flagrant nullification of the very first principles of a republican form of government, the insolent question is asked:  “What are you going to do about it?” And here lies the danger.

You may rob and maltreat a slave and ask him what he is going to do about it, and he can make no reply.  He is bound hand and foot; he is effectually gagged.  Despair is his only refuge.  He knows it is useless to appeal from tyranny unto the designers and apologists of tyranny.  Ignominious death alone can bring him relief.  This was the case of thousands of men doomed by the institution of slavery. But such is not the case with free men. You cannot oppress and murder freemen as you would slaves:  you cannot so insult them with the question, “What are you going to do about it?” When you ask free men that question you appeal to men who, though sunk to the verge of despair, yet are capable of uprising and ripping hip and thigh those who deemed them incapable of so rising above their condition.  The history of mankind is fruitful of such uprisings of races and classes reduced to a condition of absolute despair.  The American negro is no better and no worse than the Haytian revolutionists headed by Toussaint l’Overture, Christophe and the bloody Dessalaines.

I do not indulge in the luxury of prophecy when I declare that the American people are fostering in their bosoms a spirit of rebellion which will yet shake the pillars of popular government as they have never before been shaken, unless a wiser policy is inaugurated and honestly enforced.  All the indications point to the fulfillment of such declaration.