Men are madly chasing after peace of heart in a thousand wrong ways, all the while over-looking the right way, which is nearest at hand.  To observe their feverish eagerness, the spectator might be led to think happiness identical with possession.  And yet wealth and happiness are neither the same nor equivalent.  They may have nothing to do one with the other.  Money, indeed, is not an evil in itself, but it is not essential except so far as it is a mere means of life.  Poor men may be happy, and the wealthy may be poor in the midst of their riches.  A man’s wealth consisteth not in the abundance of the things he possesseth.  More justly does he lay claim to the name of rich man who knows how to use the blessings of the gods wisely, who is bred to endurance of hard want, and who fears the disgraceful action worse than he fears death.

Real happiness consists in peace of mind and heart.  Everyone desires it, and everyone prays for it,—­the sailor caught in the storms of the Aegean, the mad Thracian, the Mede with quiver at his back.  But peace is not to be purchased.  Neither gems nor purple nor gold will buy it, nor favor.  Not all the externals in the world can help the man who depends upon them alone.

  N_ot treasure trove nor consul’s stately train_
  D_rives wretched tumult from the troubled brain_;
  S_warming with cares that draw unceasing sighs_,
  T_he fretted ceiling hangs o’er sleepless eyes_.

Nor is peace to be pursued and laid hold of, or discovered in some other clime.  Of what avail to fly to lands warmed by other suns?  What exile ever escaped himself?  It is the soul that is at fault, that never can be freed from its own bonds.  The sky is all he changes: 

  T_he heavens, not themselves, they change_
    W_ho haste to cross the seas_.

The happiness men seek for is in themselves, to be found at little Ulubrae in the Latin marshes as easily as in great cities, if only they have the proper attitude of mind and heart.

But how insure this peace of mind?

At the very beginning, and through to the end, the searcher after happiness must recognize that unhappiness is the result of slavery of some sort, and that slavery in turn is begotten of desire.  The man who is overfond of anything will be unwilling to let go his hold upon it.  Desire will curb his freedom.  The only safety lies in refusing the rein to passion of any kind.  “To gaze upon nothing to lust after it, Numicius, is the simple way of winning and of keeping happiness.”  He who lives in either desire or fear can never enjoy his possessions.  He who desires will also fear; and he who fears can never be a free man.  The wise man will not allow his desires to become tyrants over him.  Money will be his servant, not his master.  He will attain to wealth by curbing his wants.  You will be monarch over broader realms by dominating your spirit than by adding Libya to far-off Gades.