Next, he turned on Stamford, the Danish capital of the Fens, and on Nottingham, the stronghold of the Southumbrian host.  In both towns he erected burhs.  These successes once more placed the West Saxon king in the foremost position amongst the many rulers of Britain.  The smaller principalities, unable to hold their own against the Scandinavians, began spontaneously to rally round Eadward as their leader and suzerain.  In the same year with the conquest of Stamford, “the kings of the North Welsh, Howel, and Cledauc, and Jeothwel, and all the North Welsh kin, sought him for lord.”  In 923, Eadward pushed further northward, and sent a Mercian host to conquer “Manchester in Northumbria,” and fortify and man it.  A line of twenty fortresses now girdled the English frontier, from Colchester, through Bedford and Nottingham, to Manchester and Chester.  Next year, Eadward himself, now immediate king of all England south of Humber, attacked the last remaining Danish kingdom, Northumbria, throwing a bridge across the Trent at Nottingham, and marching against Bakewell in Peakland, where again he built a burh.  The new tactics were too fine for the rough and ready Danish leaders.  Before Eadward reached York, the entire North submitted without a blow.  “The king of Scots, and all the Scottish kin, and Ragnald [Danish king of York], and the sons of Eadulf [English kings of Bamborough], and all who dwell in Northumbria, as well English as Danes and Northmen and others, and also the king of the Strathclyde Welsh and all the Strathclyde Welsh, sought him for father and for lord.”  This was in 924.  Next year, Eadward “rex invictus” died, over-lord of all Britain from sea to sea, while the whole country south of the Humber, save only Wales and Cornwall, was now practically united into a single kingdom of England.

But the seeming submission of the North was fallacious.  The Danes had reintroduced into Britain a fresh mass of incoherent barbarism, which could not thus readily coalesce.  The Scandinavian leaven in the population had put back the shadow on the dial of England some three centuries.  AEthelstan, Eadward’s son, found himself obliged to give his sister in marriage to Sihtric or Sigtrig, Danish king of the Yorkshire Northumbrians, which probably marks a recognition of his vassal’s equality.  Soon after, however, Sihtric died, and AEthelstan made himself first king of all England by adding Northumbria to his own immediate dominions.  Then “he bowed to himself all the kings who were in this island; first, Howel, king of the West Welsh; and Constantine, king of Scots; and Owen, king of Gwent [South Wales]; and Ealdred, son of Ealdulf of Bamborough; and with pledge and with oaths sware they peace, and forsook every kind of heathendom.”  In the West, he drove the Welsh from Exeter, which they had till then occupied in common with the English, and fixed their boundary at the Tamar.  But once more the pretended vassals rebelled.  Constantine, king of Scots, threw off