Proximity to the sea turns robbers into corsairs.  When predatory tribes reach the seaboard they always take to piracy, provided they have attained the shipbuilding level of culture.  In the ancient AEgean, in the Malay Archipelago, in the China seas, we see the same process always taking place.  Probably from the first period of their severance from the main Aryan stock in Central Asia, the Low German race and their ancestors had been a predatory and conquering people, for ever engaged in raids and smouldering warfare with their neighbours.  When they reached the Baltic and the islands of the Frisian coast, they grew naturally into a nation of pirates.  Even during the bronze age, we find sculptured stones with representations of long row-boats, manned by several oarsmen, and in one or two cases actually bearing a rude sail.  Their prows and sterns stand high out of the water, and are adorned with intricate carvings.  They seem like the predecessors of the long ships—­snakes and sea-dragons—­which afterwards bore the northern corsairs into every river of Europe.  Such boats, adapted for long sea-voyages, show a considerable intercourse, piratical or commercial, between the Anglo-Saxon or Scandinavian North and other distant countries.  Certainly, from the earliest days of Roman rule on the German Ocean to the thirteenth century, the Low Dutch and Scandinavian tribes carried on an almost unbroken course of expeditions by sea, beginning in every case with mere descents upon the coast for the purposes of plunder, but ending, as a rule, with regular colonisation or political supremacy.  In this manner the people of the Baltic and the North Sea ravaged or settled in every country on the sea-shore, from Orkney, Shetland, and the Faroes, to Normandy, Apulia, and Greece; from Boulogne and Kent, to Iceland, Greenland, and, perhaps, America.  The colonisation of South-Eastern Britain was but the first chapter in this long history of predatory excursions on the part of the Low German peoples.

The piratical ships of the early English were row-boats of very simple construction.  We actually possess one undoubted specimen at the present day, whose very date is fixed for us by the circumstances of its discovery.  It was dug up, some years since, from a peat-bog in Sleswick, the old England of our forefathers, along with iron arms and implements, and in association with Roman coins ranging in date from A.D. 67 to A.D. 217.  It may therefore be pretty confidently assigned to the first half of the third century.  In this interesting relic, then, we have one of the identical boats in which the descents upon the British coast were first made.  The craft is rudely built of oaken boards, and is seventy feet long by nine broad.  The stem and stern are alike in shape, and the boat is fitted for being beached upon the foreshore.  A sculptured stone at Haeggeby, in Uplande, roughly represents for us such a ship under way, probably of about the same date.  It is rowed with twelve pairs of oars, and has no sails; and it contains no other persons but the rowers and a coxswain, who acted doubtless as leader of the expedition.  Such a boat might convey about 120 fighting men.