on the principles of government, comprised in about
three hundred pages octavo. He has lately published
a third work on Political Economy, comprising the
whole subject within about the same compass; in which
all its principles are demonstrated with the severity
of Euclid, and, like him, without ever using a superfluous
word. I have procured this to be translated, and
have been four years endeavoring to get it printed:
but, as yet, without success. In the mean time,
the author has published the original in France, which
he thought unsafe while Bonaparte was in power.
No printed copy, I believe, has yet reached this country.
He has his fourth and last work now in the press at
Paris, closing, as he conceives, the circle of metaphysical
sciences. This work, which is on Ethics, I have
not seen, but suspect I shall differ from it in its
foundation, although not in its deductions. I
gather from his other works that he adopts the principle
of Hobbes, that justice is founded in contract solely,
and does not result from the constitution of man.
I believe, on the contrary, that it is instinct and
innate, that the moral sense is as much a part of our
constitution as that of feeling, seeing, or hearing;
as a wise creator must have seen to be necessary in
an animal destined to live in society: that every
human mind feels pleasure in doing good to another:
that the non-existence of justice is not to be inferred
from the fact that the same act is deemed virtuous
and right in one society which is held vicious and
wrong in another; because, as the circumstances and
opinions of different societies vary, so the acts
which may do them right or wrong must vary also; for
virtue does not consist in the act we do, but in the
end it is to effect. If it is to effect the happiness
of him to whom it is directed, it is virtuous, while,
in a society under different circumstances and opinions,
the same act might produce pain, and would be vicious.
The essence of virtue is in doing good to others, while
what is good may be one thing in one society, and
its contrary in another. Yet, however we may
differ as to the foundation of morals (and as many
foundations have been assumed as there are writers
on the subject nearly), so correct a thinker as Tracy
will give us a sound system of morals. And, indeed,
it is remarkable, that so many writers, setting out
from so many different premises, yet meet all in the
same conclusions. This looks as if they were
guided unconsciously, by the unerring-hand of instinct.
Your history of the Jesuits, by what name of the author or other description is it to be inquired for?