April 19. Settimo.  Chivasso.  Ciliano.  S. Germano.  Vercelli.  The country continues plain and rich, the soil black.  The culture, corn, pasture, maize, vines, mulberries, walnuts, some willow, and poplar.  The maize bears a very small proportion to the small grain.  The earth is formed into ridges from three to four feet wide, and the maize sowed in the broad-cast, on the higher parts of the ridge, so as to cover a third or half of the whole surface.  It is sowed late in May.  This country is plentifully and beautifully watered at present.  Much of it is by torrents, which are dry in summer.  These torrents make a great deal of waste ground, covering it with sand and stones.  These wastes are sometimes planted in trees, sometimes quite unemployed.  They make hedges of willows, by setting the plants from one to three feet apart.  When they are grown to the height of eight or ten feet, they bend them down, and interlace them one with another.  I do not see any of these, however, which are become old.  Probably, therefore, they soon die.  The women here smite on the anvil, and work with the maul and spade.  The people of this country are ill dressed in comparison with those of France, and there are more spots of uncultivated ground.  The plough here is made with a single handle, which is a beam twelve feet long, six inches in diameter below, and tapered to about two inches at the upper end.  They use goads for the oxen, not whips.  The first swallows I have seen are to-day.  There is a wine called Gatina, made in the neighborhood of Vercelli, both red and white.  The latter resembles Calcavallo.  There is also a red wine of Salusola, which is esteemed.  It is very light.  In the neighborhood of Vercelli begin the rice-fields.  The water with which they are watered is very dear.  They do not permit rice to be sown within two miles of the cities, on account of the insalubrity.  Notwithstanding this, when the water is drawn off the fields, in August, the whole country is subject to agues and fevers.  They estimate, that the same measure of ground yields three times as much rice as wheat, and with half the labor.  They are now sowing.  As soon as sowed, they let on the water two or three inches deep.  After six weeks, or two months, they draw it off to weed; then let it on again, and it remains till August, when it is drawn off, about three or four weeks before the grain is ripe.  In September they cut it.  It is first threshed; then beaten in the mortar to separate the husk; then, by different siftings, it is separated into three qualities.  Twelve rupes, equal to three hundred pounds of twelve ounces each, sell for sixteen livres, money of Piedmont, where the livre is exactly the shilling of England.  Twelve rupes of maize sell for nine livres.  The machine for separating the husk is thus made.  In the axis of a water-wheel are a number of arms inserted, which, as they revolve, catches each the cog of a pestle, lifts it to a certain height, and lets it fall again.  These pestles