You ask what I think on the expediency of encouraging our States to be commercial?  Were I to indulge my own theory, I should wish them to practise neither commerce nor navigation, but to stand, with respect to Europe, precisely on the footing of China.  We should thus avoid wars, and all our citizens would be husbandmen.  Whenever, indeed, our numbers should so increase, as that our produce would overstock the markets of those nations who should come to seek it, the farmers must either employ the surplus of their time in manufactures, or the surplus of our hands must be employed in manufactures, or in navigation.  But that day would, I think, be distant, and we should long keep our workmen in Europe, while Europe should be drawing rough materials, and even subsistence, from America.  But this is theory only, and a theory which the servants of America are not at liberty to follow.  Our people have a decided taste for navigation and commerce.  They take this from their mother country; and their servants are in duty bound to calculate all their measures on this datum:  we wish to do it by throwing open all the doors of commerce, and knocking off its shackles.  But as this cannot be done for others, unless they will do it for us, and there is no great probability that Europe will do this, I suppose we shall be obliged to adopt a system which may shackle them in our ports, as they do us in theirs.  With respect to the sale of our lands, that cannot begin till a considerable portion shall have been surveyed.  They cannot begin to survey till the fall of the leaf of this year, nor to sell probably till the ensuing spring.  So that it will be yet a twelvemonth, before we shall be able to judge of the efficacy of our land-office, to sink our national debt.  It is made a fundamental, that the proceeds shall be solely and sacredly applied as a sinking fund, to discharge the capital only of the debt.

It is true that the tobaccos of Virginia go almost entirely to England.  The reason is, the people of that State owe a great debt there, which they are paying as fast as they can.  I think I have now answered your several queries, and shall be happy to receive your reflections on the same subjects, and at all times to hear of your welfare, and to give you assurances of the esteem, with which I have the honor to be, Dear Sir,

your most obedient

and most humble servant,

Th:  Jefferson.

LETTER CXXVIII.—­TO J. BANNISTER, JUNIOR, October 15,1785

TO J. BANNISTER, JUNIOR.

Paris, October 15,1785.

Dear Sir,