and of the same nature:  that nothing relating to individuals could ever come before Congress; nothing but what would respect colonies.  He distinguished between an incorporating and a federal union.  The union of England was an incorporating one; yet Scotland had suffered by that union; for that its inhabitants were drawn from it by the hopes of places and employments; nor was it an instance of equality of representation; because, while Scotland was allowed nearly a thirteenth of representation, they were to pay only one fortieth of the land tax.  He expressed his hopes, that in the present enlightened state of men’s minds, we might expect a lasting confederacy, if it was founded on fair principles.

John Adams advocated the voting in proportion to numbers.  He said, that we stand here as the representatives of the people; that in some states the people are many, in others they are few; that therefore their vote here should be proportioned to the numbers from whom it comes.  Reason, justice, and equity never had weight enough on the face of the earth, to govern the councils of men.  It is interest alone which does it, and it is interest alone which can be trusted; that therefore the interests, within doors, should be the mathematical representatives of the interests without doors; that the individuality of the colonies is a mere sound.  Does the individuality of a colony increase its wealth or numbers?  If it does, pay equally.  If it does not add weight in the scale of the confederacy, it cannot add to their rights, nor weigh in argument.  A. has L50, B. L500, C. L1000, in partnership.  Is it just they should equally dispose of the monies of the partnership?  It has been said, we are independent individuals, making a bargain together.  The question is not, what we are now, but what we ought to be, when our bargain shall be made.  The confederacy is to make us one individual only; it is to form us, like separate parcels of metal, into one common mass.  We shall no longer retain our separate individuality, but become a single individual as to all questions submitted to the confederacy.  Therefore all those reasons, which prove the justice and expediency of equal representation in other assemblies, hold good here.  It has been objected, that a proportional vote will endanger the smaller states.  We answer, that an equal vote will endanger the larger.  Virginia, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts, are the three greater colonies.  Consider their distance, their difference of produce, of interests, and of manners, and it is apparent they can never have an interest or inclination to combine for the oppression of the smaller; that the smaller will naturally divide on all questions with the larger.  Rhode Island, from its relation, similarity, and intercourse, will generally pursue the same objects with Massachusetts; Jersey, Delaware, and Maryland, with Pennsylvania.