in dealing with those whose morbidity has a touch of mania, modern science cares far less for pure logic than a dancing Dervish.  In these cases it is not enough that the unhappy man should desire truth; he must desire health.  Nothing can save him but a blind hunger for normality, like that of a beast.  A man cannot think himself out of mental evil; for it is actually the organ of thought that has become diseased, ungovernable, and, as it were, independent.  He can only be saved by will or faith.  The moment his mere reason moves, it moves in the old circular rut; he will go round and round his logical circle, just as a man in a third-class carriage on the Inner Circle will go round and round the Inner Circle unless he performs the voluntary, vigorous, and mystical act of getting out at Gower Street.  Decision is the whole business here; a door must be shut for ever.  Every remedy is a desperate remedy.  Every cure is a miraculous cure.  Curing a madman is not arguing with a philosopher; it is casting out a devil.  And however quietly doctors and psychologists may go to work in the matter, their attitude is profoundly intolerant—­as intolerant as Bloody Mary.  Their attitude is really this:  that the man must stop thinking, if he is to go on living.  Their counsel is one of intellectual amputation.  If thy head offend thee, cut it off; for it is better, not merely to enter the Kingdom of Heaven as a child, but to enter it as an imbecile, rather than with your whole intellect to be cast into hell—­or into Hanwell.

Such is the madman of experience; he is commonly a reasoner, frequently a successful reasoner.  Doubtless he could be vanquished in mere reason, and the case against him put logically.  But it can be put much more precisely in more general and even aesthetic terms.  He is in the clean and well-lit prison of one idea:  he is sharpened to one painful point.  He is without healthy hesitation and healthy complexity.  Now, as I explain in the introduction, I have determined in these early chapters to give not so much a diagram of a doctrine as some pictures of a point of view.  And I have described at length my vision of the maniac for this reason:  that just as I am affected by the maniac, so I am affected by most modern thinkers.  That unmistakable mood or note that I hear from Hanwell, I hear also from half the chairs of science and seats of learning to-day; and most of the mad doctors are mad doctors in more senses than one.  They all have exactly that combination we have noted:  the combination of an expansive and exhaustive reason with a contracted common sense.  They are universal only in the sense that they take one thin explanation and carry it very far.  But a pattern can stretch for ever and still be a small pattern.  They see a chess-board white on black, and if the universe is paved with it, it is still white on black.  Like the lunatic, they cannot alter their standpoint; they cannot make a mental effort and suddenly see it black on white.