There were, then, three very distinct classes of colored people in the country, to wit:  The slave in the South, the free colored people of the South, and the free colored people of the North.  These were also sub-divided into several smaller classes.  Slaves were divided into field hands, house servants and city slaves.  The free colored people of the South had their classes based usually on color; the free colored people of the North had their divisions caused by differences in religion, differences as to place of birth, and numerous family conceits.  So that surveyed as a whole, it is extremely difficult to get anything like a complete social map of these four millions as they existed at the outbreak of the Civil War.

For a quarter of a century there had been a steady concentration of the slave population within the cotton and cane-growing region, the grain-growing States of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia having become to a considerable extent breeding farms.  Particularly was this the case with the more intelligent and higher developed individual slaves who appeared near the border line.  The master felt that such persons would soon make their escape by way of the “Underground Railroad” or otherwise, and hence in order to prevent a total loss, would follow the dictates of business prudence and sell his bright slave man to Georgia.  The Maryland or Virginia slave who showed suspicious aspirations was usually checked by the threat, “I’ll sell you to Georgia;” and if the threat did not produce the desired reformation it was not long before the ambitious slave found himself in the gang of that most despised and most despicable of all creatures, the Georgia slave-trader.  Georgia and Canada were the two extremes of the slave’s anticipation during the last decade of his experience.  These stood as his earthly Heaven and Hell, the “Underground Railroad,” with its agents, conducting to one, and the odious slave-trader, driving men, women and children, to the other.  No Netherlander ever hated and feared the devil more thoroughly than did the slaves of the border States hate and fear these outrages on mankind, the kidnapping slave-traders of the cotton and cane regions.  I say kidnapping, for I have myself seen persons in Georgia who had been kidnapped in Maryland.  If the devil was ever incarnate, I think it safe to look for him among those who engaged in the slave-trade, whether in a foreign or domestic form.

Nothing is more striking in connection with the history of American Slavery than the conduct of Great Britain on the same subject.  So inconsistent has this conduct been that it can be explained only by regarding England as a conglomerate of two elements nearly equal in strength, of directly opposite character, ruling alternately the affairs of the nation.  As a slave-trader and slave-holder England was perhaps even worse than the United States.  Under her rule the slave decreased in numbers, and remained a savage.  In Jamaica,