+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
| R |   |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
|   | R |   |   |   |   |   |   |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
|   |   | R |   |   |   |   |   |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
|   |   |   | R |   |   |   |   |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
|   |   |   |   | R |   |   |   |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
|   |   |   |   |   | R |   |   |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
|   |   |   |   |   |   | R |   |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
|   |   |   |   |   |   |   | R |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+

FIG. 2.]

It will be seen in the first diagram that every square on the board is either occupied or attacked by a rook, and that every rook is “guarded” (if they were alternately black and white rooks we should say “attacked”) by another rook.  Placing the eight rooks on any row or file obviously will have the same effect.  In diagram 2 every square is again either occupied or attacked, but in this case every rook is unguarded.  Now, in how many different ways can you so place the eight rooks on the board that every square shall be occupied or attacked and no rook ever guarded by another?  I do not wish to go into the question of reversals and reflections on this occasion, so that placing the rooks on the other diagonal will count as different, and similarly with other repetitions obtained by turning the board round.

296.—­THE FOUR LIONS.

The puzzle is to find in how many different ways the four lions may be placed so that there shall never be more than one lion in any row or column.  Mere reversals and reflections will not count as different.  Thus, regarding the example given, if we place the lions in the other diagonal, it will be considered the same arrangement.  For if you hold the second arrangement in front of a mirror or give it a quarter turn, you merely get the first arrangement.  It is a simple little puzzle, but requires a certain amount of careful consideration.

[Illustration

+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
| L |   |   |   |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
|   | L |   |   |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
|   |   | L |   |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+
|   |   |   | L |
+—–­+—–­+—–­+—–­+

]

297.—­BISHOPS—­UNGUARDED.

Place as few bishops as possible on an ordinary chessboard so that every square of the board shall be either occupied or attacked.  It will be seen that the rook has more scope than the bishop:  for wherever you place the former, it will always attack fourteen other squares; whereas the latter will attack seven, nine, eleven, or thirteen squares, according to the position of the diagonal on which it is placed.  And it is well here to state that when we speak of “diagonals” in connection with the chessboard, we do not limit ourselves to the two long diagonals from corner to corner, but include all the shorter lines that are parallel to these.  To prevent misunderstanding on future occasions, it will be well for the reader to note carefully this fact.