“We shall hear the argument that the loss of individual initiative and personal self-reliance is too great a price to pay even for supreme efficiency and the maximum production of material comforts.

“The problem which such a conflict of interests and opinions will present may be speculatively defined as that of trying to find a way to reconcile a maximum of efficiency organization with a maximum of individual freedom.

“So stating it, we have to recognize that this has been the biggest problem, in fact the comprehensive problem, that man, has faced throughout human history, and the one which, really, he has been trying to solve by the trial and error method in all his social experiments.

“It is the sociological as distinguished from the merely economic problem.

“Human society exists because early in his career man discovered that mutual aid, or team work, is, on the whole, in the struggle for existence and the pursuit of happiness, a more effective factor than physical strength or individual cleverness.

“Natural selection has acted not only upon individuals, but, in the large sense, upon groups and aggregates of groups.  The restrictions upon individual life have developed in the interests of groups, or collective efficiency.

“On the other hand, collective efficiency has no meaning, it serves no purpose apart from the amelioration of individual life and the development of individual personality.

“So long as groups fear one another and fight with one another the restrictions upon individual liberty must be extreme in the interests of the collective fighting efficiency of each group as a whole.

“All the possibilities of personal development, of individual freedom, are involved in the larger possibilities of friendly relations between nation and nation.

“Already the co-operative instinct has so grown that if war and the fear of war could be eliminated, mankind would have relatively little difficulty in working out ways and means of combining Governmental action with individual initiative for purposes of economic production, education, the promotion of the public health, and the administration of justice.

“All those principles and rules which we call Morality are, in fact, mere rules of the game of life.  We play the game or do not play it; we are fair or unfair.

“On the whole, most of us try to be fair because it has been found that playing the game with a sense of fairness is the only way in which we can succeed in working together for common ends without the necessity of imposing upon ourselves coercive rules to hold our organization together for possible mass attack upon the end in view.

“Social life, in this sense of playing the game fairly, has made man the superior of the brutes he sprang from.  There is nothing mysterious or recondite about it.

“In order to work together men must understand one another.  Therefore, natural selection has picked out the intelligent for survival in the social world; and in order to work together intelligent men must depend on one another, abiding by their covenants.