[228:5] Matt. v. 45.

[229:1] 2 Thess. iii. 14, 15.

[229:2] For an account of the excommunication of the Druids, see Caesar, “De Bello Gallico,” vi. 13.  Many things in the Latin excommunication are doubtless borrowed from paganism.

[229:3] As an example of this, see an old form of excommunication in Collier’s “Ecclesiastical History,” ii. 273.  Edit.  London, 1840.

[230:1] Eph. iv. 11, 12.

[230:2] 1 Cor. xii. 28.

[230:3] 2 Tim. iv. 5.

[230:4] Acts xxi. 8, viii. 5.

[230:5] 1 Tim. i 3, v. 1, 7, 17; Tit. i. 5.

[231:1] Acts viii. 13; 2 Tim. i. 6.  This latter text is often quoted, though erroneously, as if it referred to the ordination of Timothy.  The ordainer usually laid on only his right hand.  See “Con.  Carthag.” iv. can. iii. iv.  In conferring extraordinary endowments both hands were imposed.  See Acts xix. 6.

[231:2] John xiv. 26, xvi. 13, xx. 22.

[231:3] Matt. x. 1, xxviii. 18, 19.

[231:4] John xx. 26, xxi. 1; Acts i. 3; 1 Cor. ix. 1.

[231:5] Such is the opinion of Chrysostom and others.  See Alford on this passage.

[231:6] Acts vi. 2-4.

[231:7] In the Peshito version helps and governments are translated helpers and governors.

[232:1] It is remarkable that the lay council of the modern synagogue are called Parnasim or Pastors.  See Vitringa, “De Synagoga,” pp. 578, 635.

[232:2] Mr Alford observes that in 1 Cor. xii. 28, “we must not seek for a classified arrangement”—­the arrangement being “rather suggestive than logical.”  Hence “helps” are mentioned before “governments.”  In the same way in Eph. iv. 11, “pastors” precede “teachers.”

[232:3] Acts xx. 28; 1 Pet. v. 2.

[232:4] Acts xx. 17, 28; Titus i. 5, 7; 1 Pet. v. 1, 2.

[232:5] 1 Tim. iii. 1, 2, 5.

[232:6] 1 Pet. v. 1, 2, 4 The identity of elders and pastors is more distinctly exhibited in the original here, and in Acts xx. 17, 28, as the word translated feed signifies literally to act as a shepherd or pastor.

[232:7] 1 Tim. v. 17.  Mr Ellicott, in his work on the “Pastoral Epistles,” thus speaks of this passage—­“The concluding words, [Greek:  en logo kai didask.], certainly seem to imply two kinds of ruling presbyters, those who preached and taught and those who did not.”

[233:1] Compare 1 Cor. xii. 28, and Philip, i. 1; 1 Tim. iii. 1-8.

[233:2] Acts vi. 3, xiv. 23; Titus i. 5; James v. 14.

[233:3] 1 Cor. xiv. 1, 5, 6, 31.

[233:4] Section Rom. xii. 6-8.

[233:5] 1 Tim, iii. 5.  Lightfoot says that, “in every synagogue there was a civil triumvirate, that is, three magistrates who judged of matters in contest arising within that synagogue.”—­“Works,” xi.179.  The same writer declares that “in every synagogue there were elders that ruled in civil affairs, and elders that laboured in the word and doctrine.”—­“Works,” iii. 242, 243.