[10] Admiralty MS.  Nos. 13 and 14.  It has the Observation:  ’This ought to be for each squadron apart.’

[11] Admiralty MS.  Nos. 15 and l6.  To the first paragraph, or No. 15, it has the Observation:  ’It may happen that by the winds shifting there may be neither van nor rear; then in that case a signal for each squadron would be better understood, so that you are to follow the 14th and 15th of the “Sailing Instructions.”  For in the battle of August ’73 the wind shifted and put the whole line out of order.’

[12] The Admiralty MS. here inserts a new article, No. 17:  ’If the general would have those ships to windward of the enemy to bear down through their line to join the body of the fleet, he will put abroad a white flag with a cross from corner to corner where it can best be discovered.’

[13] Admiralty MS.  Nos. 18 to 23.

[14] Admiralty MS.  Nos, 18 to 23.

[15] Admiralty MS. adds:  ’having regard to press the weathermost ships and relieve such as are in distress.’  It is worth noting that this important relaxation of strict line tactics practically embodies the idea of Rupert’s Additional Instruction of 1666. Supra, p. 129.

[16] Admiralty MS.  Nos. 24 to 26.

[17] Admiralty MS.  No. 27.  It adds this Observation:  ’When the fleet is to leeward of the enemy you to take care to put yourself in such a station as that you may (when any signal is given) without loss of time tack and stand in to the line.  And when any part of the fleet or ships wherein you are concerned are ordered to tack and gain the wind of the enemy, you are to make all the sail you can and keep up with the headmost ships that first tack.’

[18] Admiralty MS.  ’Observation:  The reward of saving a friend to be equal to that of destroying an enemy.’

[19] Admiralty MS. Nos. 28 and 29.

[20] Admiralty MS. No. 30.

[21] The Admiralty MS. has the Observation: ’in changing ships be as careful as you can not to give the enemy any advantage or knowledge thereof by striking the flag.  In case of the death of any flag officer, the flag to be continued aloft till the fight be over, notice to be given to the next commander-in-chief, and not to bear out of the line unless in very great danger.  It hath been observed what very great encouragement the bare shooting of an admiral’s flag gives the enemy, but this may be prevented by taking in all the flags before going to engage.  It was the ruin of Spragge in the battle of August ’73 by taking his flag in his boat, which gave the enemy an opportunity to discover his motion, when at the same [time] we saw three flags flying on board the main topmast-head of three ships which Tromp had quitted.’

[22] Admiralty MS. No. 31.

[23] Admiralty MS. Nos. 32 and 33.