ROBERT BLAKE. 
RICHARD DEANE. 
GEORGE MONCK.

FOOTNOTES: 

[1] Re-issued in March 1654, by Blake, Monck, Disbrowe, and Penn, with some amendments and verbal alterations.  As reissued they are in Sloane MSS. 3232, f. 81, and printed in Granville Penn’s Memorials of Sir William Penn, ii. 76.  All the important amendments in the new edition, apart from mere verbal alterations, are given below in notes to the articles in which they occur.

[2] ’Waft (more correctly written wheft).  It is any flag or ensign stopped together at the head and middle portion, slightly rolled up lengthwise, and hoisted at different positions at the after-part of a ship.’—­Admiral Smyth (Sailors’ Word-Book).

[3] The orders of 1654 have ‘one frigate.’

[4] I.e. ‘formation.’

[5] 1654, ‘enemy’s ships.’

[6] 1654, ‘get.’

[7] 1654, ‘or the commander-in-chief.’

[8] 1654, ‘immediately.’

[9] 1654, ‘so as she is in danger of being sunk or taken, then they.’

[10] 1654, ‘to keep on close in a line.’

[11] 1654, ‘mizen topmast-head.’

[12] 1654, ‘or grain upon pain of severe punishment.’  Nothing is more curious in naval phraseology than the loss of this excellent word ‘grain,’ or ‘grayne,’ to express the opposite of ‘wake.’  To come into a ship’s grain meant to take station ahead of her.  There is nothing now which exactly supplies its place, and yet it has long fallen into oblivion, so long, indeed, that its existence was unknown to the learned editors of the new Oxford Dictionary.  This is to be the more regretted as its etymology is very obscure.  It may, however, be traced with little doubt to the old Norse ‘grein,’ a branch or prong, surviving in the word ‘grains,’ a pronged harpoon or fish spear.  From its meaning, ‘branch,’ it might seem to be akin to ‘stem’ and to ‘bow,’ which is only another spelling of’bough.’  But this is not likely.  The older meaning of ‘bows’ was ‘shoulders,’ and this, it is agreed, is how it became applied to the head of a ship.  There is, however, a secondary and more widely used sense of ‘grain,’ which means the space between forking boughs, and so almost any angular space, like a meadow where two rivers converge.  Thus ‘grain,’ in the naval sense, might easily mean the space enclosed by the planks of a ship where they spring from the stem, or if it is not actually the equivalent of ‘bows,’ it may mean the diverging waves thrown up by a ship advancing through the water, and thus be the exact analogue of ‘wake.’

[13] 1654, ‘to make sail and endeavour.’

[14] 1654, ‘Fore topmast.’

[15] 1654, ‘jack.’

[16] 1654, ‘wake or grain.’

[17] 1654, ‘more than ordinarily careful of.’

[18] It should be remembered that ‘frigate’ at this time meant a ‘frigate-built ship.’  The larger ones were ‘capital ships’ and lay in the line, while the smaller ones were used as cruisers.