And man has been destroyed in other ways than by the sword.  Flood, famine, pestilence and murder are potent factors in reducing population—­in making room.  As Mr. Charles Woodruff, in his “Expansion of Races,” has instanced:  In 1886, when the dikes of the Yellow River burst, 7,000,000 people were drowned.  The failure of crops in Ireland, in 1848, caused 1,000,000 deaths.  The famines in India of 1896-7 and 1899-1900 lessened the population by 21,000,000.  The T’ai’ping rebellion and the Mohammedan rebellion, combined with the famine of 1877-78, destroyed scores of millions of Chinese.  Europe has been swept repeatedly by great plagues.  In India, for the period of 1903 to 1907, the plague deaths averaged between one and two millions a year.  Mr. Woodruff is responsible for the assertion that 10,000,000 persons now living in the United States are doomed to die of tuberculosis.  And in this same country ten thousand persons a year are directly murdered.  In China, between three and six millions of infants are annually destroyed, while the total infanticide record of the whole world is appalling.  In Africa, now, human beings are dying by millions of the sleeping sickness.

More destructive of life than war, is industry.  In all civilised countries great masses of people are crowded into slums and labour-ghettos, where disease festers, vice corrodes, and famine is chronic, and where they die more swiftly and in greater numbers than do the soldiers in our modern wars.  The very infant mortality of a slum parish in the East End of London is three times that of a middle-class parish in the West End.  In the United States, in the last fourteen years, a total of coal-miners, greater than our entire standing army, has been killed and injured.  The United States Bureau of Labour states that during the year 1908, there were between 30,000 and 35,000 deaths of workers by accidents, while 200,000 more were injured.  In fact, the safest place for a working-man is in the army.  And even if that army be at the front, fighting in Cuba or South Africa, the soldier in the ranks has a better chance for life than the working-man at home.

And yet, despite this terrible roll of death, despite the enormous killing of the past and the enormous killing of the present, there are to-day alive on the planet a billion and three quarters of human beings.  Our immediate conclusion is that man is exceedingly fecund and very tough.  Never before have there been so many people in the world.  In the past centuries the world’s population has been smaller; in the future centuries it is destined to be larger.  And this brings us to that old bugbear that has been so frequently laughed away and that still persists in raising its grisly head—­namely, the doctrine of Malthus.  While man’s increasing efficiency of food-production, combined with colonisation of whole virgin continents, has for generations given the apparent lie to Malthus’ mathematical statement of the Law of Population, nevertheless the essential significance of his doctrine remains and cannot be challenged.  Population does press against subsistence.  And no matter how rapidly subsistence increases, population is certain to catch up with it.