and were reconciled to the Church.  They were then escorted to Dover, whence they took ship for France.  Only on the rebellious clergy did Gualo’s wrath fall.  The canons of St. Paul’s were turned out in a body; ringleaders like Simon Langton were driven into exile, and agents of the legate traversed the country punishing clerks who had disregarded the interdict.  But Honorius was more merciful than Gualo, and within a year even Simon received his pardon.  The laymen of both camps forgot their differences, when Randolph of Chester and William of Ferrars fought in the crusade of Damietta, side by side with Saer of Winchester and Robert FitzWalter.  The reconciliation of parties was further shown in the marriage of Hubert de Burgh to John’s divorced wife, Isabella of Gloucester, a widow by the death of the Earl of Essex, and still the foremost English heiress.  On November 6 the pacification was completed by the reissue of the Great Charter in what was substantially its final form.  The forest clauses of the earlier issues were published in a much enlarged shape as a separate Forest Charter, which laid down the great principle that no man was to lose life or limb for hindering the king’s hunting.

It is tempting to regard the defeat of Louis as a triumph of English patriotism.  But it is an anachronism to read the ideals of later ages into the doings of the men of the early thirteenth century.  So far as there was national feeling in England, it was arrayed against Henry.  To the last the most fervently English of the barons were steadfast on the French prince’s side, and the triumph of the little king had largely been procured by John’s foreigners.  To contemporary eyes the rebels were factious assertors of class privileges and feudal immunities.  Their revolt against their natural lord brought them into conflict with the sentiment of feudal duty which was still so strong in faithful minds.  And against them was a stronger force than feudal loyally.  From this religious standpoint the Canon of Barnwell best sums up the situation:  “It was a miracle that the heir of France, who had won so large a part of the kingdom, was constrained to abandon the realm without hope of recovering it.  It was because the hand of God was not with him.  He came to England in spite of the prohibition of the Holy Roman Church, and he remained there regardless of its anathema.”

The young king never forgot that he owed his throne to the pope and his legate.  “When we were bereft of our father in tender years,” he declared long afterwards, “when our subjects were turned against us, it was our mother, the Holy Roman Church, that brought back our realm under our power, anointed us king, crowned us, and placed us on the throne."[1] The papacy, which had secured a new hold over England by its alliance with John, made its position permanent by its zeal for the rights of his son.  By identifying the monarchy with the charters, it skilfully retraced the false step which it had taken.  Under the aegis