of affairs.  Parliament granted no money; and Edward only met his daily expenses by loans, contracted from every quarter, and by keeping tight hands on the confiscated estates of the Templars.  Both the king and the leading earls made every excuse to escape attending the ineffective parliaments of that miserable time.  Two short visits to France gave Edward a pretext for avoiding his subjects.  There were some hasty musterings of armed men on pretence of tournaments.  But the king was still formidable enough to make it desirable for the barons to carry out the treaty.  Finally, in October, 1313, Lancaster, Hereford, and Warwick made their public submission in Westminster Hall.  Pardons were at once issued to them and to over four hundred minor offenders.  Feasts of reconciliation were held, and it seemed as if the old feuds were at last ended.  Gaveston’s corpse was removed from Oxford to Langley, in Hertfordshire, and buried in the church of a new convent of Dominicans set up by Edward to pray for the favourite’s soul.

Just before the end of the disputes Archbishop Winchelsea died in May, 1313.  He left behind him the reputation of a saint and a hero, and a movement was undertaken for his canonisation.  With all his faults, he was the greatest churchman of his time, and the most steadfast and unselfish of ecclesiastical statesmen.  Despite his palsy, he had shown wonderful activity since his return.  The brain and soul of the ordainers, he equally made it his business to uphold extreme hierarchical privilege.  Bitterly as he hated Walter Langton, he was indignant that a bishop should be imprisoned and despoiled by the lay power, and took up his cause with such energy that he effected his liberation, only to find that Langton made peace with the king and turned his back on the ordainers.  The after-swell of the storms, excited by the petition of Lincoln and the statute of Carlisle, still continued troublous during Winchelsea’s later years.  The pope complained of the violated privileges of the Church and of the accumulated arrears of King John’s tribute; and Winchelsea was anxious to promote the papal cause.  But the barons in Edward’s early parliaments still used the bold language of the magnates of 1301, and the letter of 1309, drawn up by the parliament of Stamford, is no unworthy pendant of the Lincoln letter.  As time went on, the disorders of the government and the weakness of the king surrendered everything to the pope.  It was soon as it had been in the days of Henry III., when pope and king combined to despoil the English Church.

The suppression of the order of the Temple shows how absolutely England was forced to follow in the wake of the papacy and the King of France.  There was no spontaneous movement against the society as in France; there was not even the fierce malice and insatiable greed which could find their only satisfaction in the ruin of the brethren; and there is not much evidence that the Templars were unpopular.  The whole attack