Where oil is the absorbent, the wired frames are used in connection with cloths.  The cloth acts as the holder of the oil, and the flowers are spread upon it, and the process is conducted in the same way as with the frames with glass.

From the pomade the extrait de rose is made in the same way as the orange extrait.

CASSIE.

The stronger, though less delicate, cassie is grown from seeds, which are contained in pods which betray the connection of this plant with the leguminous family.  After being steeped in water they are sown in a warm and well sheltered spot.  When two feet high the young plant is grafted and transplanted to the open ground—­ground well exposed to the sun and sheltered from the cold winds.  It flourishes best in the neighborhood of Grasse and Cannes.  The season of flowering is from October to January or February, according to the presence or absence of frost.  The flowers are gathered twice a week in the daytime, and are brought to the factories in the evening.  They are here subjected to maceration.

JONQUIL.

A plant of humbler growth is the jonquil.  The bulbs of this are set out in rows.  The flowers put in an appearance about the end of March, four or five on each stem.  Each flower as it blooms is picked off at the calyx.  They are treated by maceration and enfleurage, chiefly the latter.  The harvesting period of the jonquil is of very short duration, and it often takes two seasons for the perfumer to finish off his pomades of extra strength.  The crop is also very uncertain.

JASMIN.

A more reliable crop is that of the jasmin.  This plant is reared from cuttings of the wild jasmin, which are put in the earth in rows with trenches between.  Level ground is chosen; if hillside only is available, this is formed into a series of terraces.  When strong enough, the young stem is grafted with shoots of the Jasminum grandiflorum.  The first year it is allowed to run wild, the second it is trained by means of rods, canes and other appliances.  At the approach of winter the plants are banked up with earth to half their height.  The exposed parts then die off.  When the last frost of winter is gone the earth is removed, and what remains of the shrub is trimmed and tidied up for the coming season.  It grows to four or five feet.  Support is given by means of horizontal and upright poles, which join the plants of one row into a hedge-like structure.  Water is provided by means of the ditches already mentioned.  When not used for this purpose, the trenches allow of the passage of women and children to gather the flowers.  These begin to appear in sufficient quantity to repay collecting about the middle of July.  The jasmin is collected as soon as possible after it blooms.  This occurs in the evening, and up to about August 15, early enough for