6.  Heroism works in contradiction to the voice of mankind, and in contradiction, for a time, to the voice of the great and good.  Heroism is an obedience[332] to a secret impulse of an individual’s character.  Now to no other man can its wisdom appear as it does to him, for every man must be supposed to see a little further on his own proper path than any one else.  Therefore, just and wise men take umbrage at his act, until after some little time be past:  then they see it to be in unison with their acts.  All prudent men see that the action is clean contrary to a sensual prosperity; for every heroic act measures itself by its contempt of some external good.  But it finds its own success at last, and then the prudent also extol.

7.  Self-trust is the essence of heroism.  It is the state of the soul at war, and its ultimate objects are the last defiance of falsehood and wrong, and the power to bear all that can be inflicted by evil agents.  It speaks the truth, and it is just, generous, hospitable, temperate, scornful of petty calculations, and scornful of being scorned.  It persists; it is of an undaunted boldness, and of a fortitude not to be wearied out.  Its jest is the littleness of common life.  That false prudence which dotes on health and wealth is the butt and merriment of heroism.  Heroism, like Plotinus,[333] is almost ashamed of its body.  What shall it say, then, to the sugar-plums, and cats’-cradles, to the toilet, compliments, quarrels, cards, and custard, which rack the wit of all human society.  What joys has kind nature provided for us dear creatures!  There seems to be no interval between greatness and meanness.  When the spirit is not master of the world then it is its dupe.  Yet the little man takes the great hoax so innocently, works in it so headlong and believing, is born red, and dies gray, arranging his toilet, attending on his own health, laying traps for sweet food and strong wine, setting his heart on a horse or a rifle, made happy with a little gossip or a little praise, that the great soul cannot choose but laugh at such earnest nonsense.  “Indeed, these humble considerations[334] make me out of love with greatness.  What a disgrace is it to me to take note how many pairs of silk stockings thou hast, namely, these and those that were the peach-colored ones; or to bear the inventory of thy shirts, as one for superfluity, and one other for use!”

8.  Citizens, thinking after the laws of arithmetic, consider the inconvenience of receiving strangers at their fireside, reckon narrowly the loss of time and the unusual display:  the soul of a better quality thrusts back the unreasonable economy into the vaults of life, and says, I will obey the God, and the sacrifice and the fire he will provide.  Ibn Hankal,[335] the Arabian geographer, describes a heroic extreme in the hospitality of Sogd, in Bokhar,[336] “When I was in Sogd I saw a great building, like a palace, the gates of which were open and fixed