* * * * *

III.  There goes in the world a notion that the scholar should be a recluse, a valetudinarian,[40]—­as unfit for any handiwork or public labor as a penknife for an axe.  The so-called “practical men” sneer at speculative men, as if, because they speculate or see, they could do nothing.  I have heard it said that the clergy—­who are always, more universally than any other class, the scholars of their day—­are addressed as women; that the rough, spontaneous conversation of men they do not hear, but only a mincing[41] and diluted speech.  They are often virtually disfranchised; and indeed there are advocates for their celibacy.  As far as this is true of the studious classes, it is not just and wise.  Action is with the scholar subordinate, but it is essential.  Without it he is not yet man.  Without it thought can never ripen into truth.  Whilst the world hangs before the eye as a cloud of beauty, we cannot even see its beauty.  Inaction is cowardice, but there can be no scholar without the heroic mind.  The preamble[42] of thought, the transition through which it passes from the unconscious to the conscious, is action.  Only so much do I know, as I have lived.  Instantly we know whose words are loaded with life, and whose not.

The world—­this shadow of the soul, or other me, lies wide around.  Its attractions are the keys which unlock my thoughts and make me acquainted with myself.  I launch eagerly into this resounding tumult.  I grasp the hands of those next me, and take my place in the ring to suffer and to work, taught by an instinct that so shall the dumb abyss[43] be vocal with speech.  I pierce its order; I dissipate its fear;[44] I dispose of it within the circuit of my expanding life.  So much only of life as I know by experience, so much of the wilderness have I vanquished and planted, or so far have I extended my being, my dominion.  I do not see how any man can afford, for the sake of his nerves and his nap, to spare any action in which he can partake.  It is pearls and rubies to his discourse.  Drudgery, calamity, exasperation, want, are instructors in eloquence and wisdom.  The true scholar grudges every opportunity of action passed by, as a loss of power.

It is the raw material out of which the intellect molds her splendid products.  A strange process too, this by which experience is converted into thought, as a mulberry-leaf is converted into satin.[45] The manufacture goes forward at all hours.

The actions and events of our childhood and youth are now matters of calmest observation.  They lie like fair pictures in the air.  Not so with our recent actions,—­with the business which we now have in hand.  On this we are quite unable to speculate.  Our affections as yet circulate through it.  We no more feel or know it than we feel the feet, or the hand, or the brain of our body.  The new deed is yet a part of life,—­remains for a time immersed in our unconscious life.  In