[Footnote 47:  I. Corinthians xv. 53.]

[Footnote 48:  Empyrean.  The region of pure light and fire; the ninth heaven of ancient astronomy.

   “The deep-domed empyrean
    Rings to the roar of an angel onset.”

]

[Footnote 49:  Ferules.  According to the methods of education fifty years ago, it was quite customary for the teacher to punish a school-child with his ferule or ruler.]

[Footnote 50:  Oliver Wendell Holmes cites this last sentence as the most extreme development of the distinctively Emersonian style.  Such things must be read not too literally but rapidly, with alert attention to what the previous train of thought has been.]

[Footnote 51:  Savoyards.  The people of Savoy, south of Lake Geneva in Switzerland.]

[Footnote 52:  Emerson’s style is characterized by the frequent use of pithy epigrams like this.]

[Footnote 53:  Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727).  A great English philosopher and mathematician.  He is famous as having discovered the law of gravitation.]

[Footnote 54:  Unhandselled.  Uncultivated, without natural advantages.  A handsel is a gift.]

[Footnote 55:  Druids.  The ancient priesthood of the Britons in Caesar’s time.  They had immense power among these primitive peoples.  They were the judges as well as the priests and decided all questions.  It is believed that they made human sacrifices to their gods in the depths of the primeval forest, but not much is known of their rites.]

[Footnote 56:  Berserkers.  Berserker was a redoubtable hero in Scandinavian mythology, the grandson of the eight-handed Starkodder and the beautiful Alfhilde.  He had twelve sons who inherited the wild-battle frenzy, or berserker rage.  The sagas, the great Scandinavian epics, are full of stories of heroes who are seized with this fierce longing for battle, murder, and sudden death.  The name means bear-shirt and has been connected with the old were-wolf tradition, the myth that certain people were able to change into man-devouring wolves with a wolfish mad desire to rend and kill.]

[Footnote 57:  Alfred, surnamed the Great (848-901), king of the West Saxons in England.  When he ascended the throne his country was in a deplorable condition from the repeated inroads of northern invaders.  He eventually drove them out and established a secure government.  England owes much to the efforts of Alfred.  He not only fought his country’s battles, but also founded schools, translated Latin books into his native tongue, and did much for the intellectual improvement of his people.]

[Footnote 58:  The hoe and the spade.  “In spite of Emerson’s habit of introducing the names of agricultural objects into his writing (’Hay, corn, roots, hemp, flax, apples, wool, and wood’ is a line from one of his poems), his familiarity therewith is evidently not so great as he would lead one to imagine.  ‘Take care, papa,’ cried his little son, seeing him at work with a spade, ‘you will dig your leg.’”]