The old fable covers a doctrine ever new and sublime; that there is One Man,—­present to all particular men only partially, or through one faculty; and that you must take the whole society to find the whole man.  Man is not a farmer, or a professor, or an engineer, but he is all.  Man is priest, and scholar, and statesman, and producer, and soldier.  In the divided or social state these functions are parceled out to individuals, each of whom aims to do his stint[6] of the joint work, whilst each other performs his.  The fable implies that the individual, to possess himself, must sometimes return from his own labor to embrace all the other laborers.  But, unfortunately, this original unit, this fountain of power, has been so distributed to multitudes, has been so minutely subdivided and peddled out, that it is spilled into drops, and cannot be gathered.  The state of society is one in which the members have suffered amputation from the trunk and strut about so many walking monsters,—­a good finger, a neck, a stomach, an elbow, but never a man.

Man is thus metamorphosed into a thing, into many things.  The planter, who is Man sent out into the field to gather food, is seldom cheered by any idea of the true dignity of his ministry.  He sees his bushel and his cart, and nothing beyond, and sinks into the farmer, instead of Man on the farm.  The tradesman scarcely ever gives an ideal worth to his work, but is ridden[7] by the routine of his craft, and the soul is subject to dollars.  The priest becomes a form; the attorney a statute-book; the mechanic a machine; the sailor a rope of the ship.

In this distribution of functions the scholar is the delegated intellect.  In the right state he is Man Thinking.  In the degenerate state, when the victim of society, he tends to become a mere thinker, or, still worse, the parrot of other men’s thinking.

In this view of him, as Man Thinking, the whole theory of his office is contained.  Him Nature solicits with all her placid, all her monitory pictures.[8] Him the past instructs.  Him the future invites.  Is not indeed every man a student, and do not all things exist for the student’s behoof?  And, finally, is not the true scholar the only true master?  But as the old oracle said, “All things have two handles:  Beware of the wrong one."[9] In life, too often, the scholar errs with mankind and forfeits his privilege.  Let us see him in his school, and consider him in reference to the main influences he receives.

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I. The first in time and the first in importance of the influences upon the mind is that of nature.  Every day, the sun;[10] and, after sunset, Night and her stars.  Ever the winds blow; ever the grass grows.  Every day, men and women, conversing, beholding and beholden.[11] The scholar must needs stand wistful and admiring before this great spectacle.  He must settle its value in his mind.  What is