The sails on the lower yards are the foresail, mainsail and crossjack, or, as they are often called, fore-course, main-course and mizzen-course—­the course being the sail, just as a sheet is a rope and not a piece of canvas.  Above the courses come the lower topsails, above them the upper topsails, above them the lower topgallant-sails, then the upper topgallant-sails, then the royals, and, on the mainmast, the skysail, though sometimes there are skysails to all masts, and over the main skysail comes a “scraper” or moon-raker.  On the outer edges of the plain-sails come the studding-sails spread on booms.

[Illustration:  A FULL-RIGGED SHIP.]

In our illustration the vessel has set her fore studding-sail, her fore-topmast studding-sail and her fore-topgallant studding-sail—­ studding-sail being pronounced stu’nsail, just as topgallant-sail is telescoped into topgantsail.

A man-of-war sets her stu’nsails abaft the sail at their side; a merchantman sets hers “before all”—­that is, in front of the adjacent sail, as shown in our illustration.

That part of a square sail which is secured to the yard is the “head,” the lower part is the “foot,” the outer edge is the “leech,” the two lower corners are the “clews,” the middle of the sail when furled is the “bunt.”  The “sheet” pulls the sail out to its full extent down to the yard below, the clewlines and buntlines bring it up under the yard for furling.

The courses, having no yards below them, have both “tack” and “sheet,” the tack enabling the clew of the sail to be taken forward, and the sheet enabling it to be taken aft.  The clewlines for these sails are double, and are called “clew-garnets.”  A glance at the picture will show the clew-garnets and clewlines coming down to the corners and the buntlines coming straight down the sails.

The sails along the centre line of the ship are the fore-and-aft sails; these are the triangular jibs, staysails and trysails, and the trapezoidal spanker we have already mentioned, which sometimes has a gaff topsail over it and a “ringtail” behind it, as shown in our figure.

“Watersails,” by the way, are not carried now; they used to be set below the lower booms, but, as we have seen, there are now no lower booms, the lower stu’nsails being triangular, like the staysails.

These staysails take their names from the stays on which they run.  Working from the deck upward, the clipper we show is flying her mizzen staysail, her mizzen topmast staysail, her mizzen topgallantmast staysail and her mizzen royal staysail; and she has a similar series off the main.  But on the fore we have the head-sails.  The extreme outer one we cannot see; it comes down from the fore-royal and ends half-way down, being a mere “kite;” it is called the “jib topsail.”  The outer one we can see is the “flying-jib,” on the flying-jibboom.  Then come the “outer jib” and the “inner jib” and the “foretopmast staysail.”