[79] Marx and Engels speak of the “idiocy of rural life” from which capitalism, through the concentration of agriculture and the abolition of small holdings, would rescue the peasant proprietors (Communist Manifesto).  In Capital Marx speaks of the manner in which modern industry “annihilates the peasant, the bulwark of the old society” (Vol.  I, p. 513).  Liebknecht says that in 1848 it was the city which overthrew the corrupt citizen king and the country which overthrew the new republic, chose Louis Bonaparte and prepared the way for the Empire.  “The French peasantry created an empire through their blind fear of proletarian Socialism” (Die Grund und Bodenfrage).  Kautsky wrote, “Peasants who feel that they are not proletarians, but true peasants, are not only not to be won over to our cause, but belong to our most dangerous adversaries” (Dat Erfurter Programm und die Land-agitation).  It would be easy to compile a volume of such utterances.

[80] Walling, Russia’s Message, p. 118.  The italics are mine.

[81] “Cabinet lands” are the crown lands, property of the Czar and royal family.

[82] Ross, op. cit., pp. 206-207.

[83] Justice, London, August 1, 1917.

[84] The figures given are quoted by Sack, in The Birth of Russian Democracy, and were originally published by the Bolshevist Commissaire of Commerce.

[85] Parvus et le Parti Socialiste Danois, by P.G.  La Chesnais.

[86] La Chesnais, op. cit.

[87] In “L’Humanite,” article condensed in Justice, January 31, 1918.

[88] International Notes, Justice, January 3, 1918.

[89] The Disarmament Cry, by N. Lenine, in The Class Struggle, May-June, 1918.

[90] The “Disarmament” Cry, by N. Lenine, The Class Struggle, May-June, 1918.

[91] Most, if not all, dates in this document are given as in the Russian calendar, which is thirteen days behind ours.

[92] This refers, doubtless, to the different basis for voting applied to the peasants and the industrial workers, as provided in the Soviet Constitution.