form of taxes; it took his children from him for war; for the least act of disobedience to authority he was whipped.  He wallowed in misery and in ignorance, deprived of every right, human or legal.  How could he, this wretched and oppressed peasant develop civic sentiments, a consciousness of his personal dignity?  On the other hand, we must take into account the immense weariness caused by the war and by the disorganization which it brought into the whole cycle of existence (to an incomparably greater degree than in western Europe).  Such were the causes which had established a favorable scope for Bolshevik propaganda; to introduce their domination they knew how to make use of the shortcomings of the people and the defects of Russian life.

In fine, what is Bolshevism in its essence? It is an experiment, that is either criminal or that proceeds from a terrible thoughtlessness, tried, without their consent, on the living body of the Russian people.  Thus some attempt to apply their theories, others wish to measure the height of their personal influence, while still others (and they are found in every movement) seek to profit by the circumstances.

Bolshevism is a phenomenon brought about by force; it is not a natural consequence of the progress of the Russian Revolution.  Taken all in all, Bolshevism is not Socialism.  The Bolshevist coup d’etat was accomplished contrary to the wish of the majority of the people, who were preparing for the Constituent Assembly.

It was accomplished with the help of armed force, and it is because of this that the Bolshevist regime holds out.

It has against it the whole conscious portion of the peasant and working population and all the Intellectuals.

It has crushed and trampled under foot the liberty that was won by the Russian people.

The Bolsheviki pretend to act in the name of the people.  Why, then, have they dissolved the Constituent Assembly elected by the people?

They pretend to have the majority of the people with them.  Why, then, this governmental terror that is being used in a manner more cruel even than in the time of Czarism?

They say that, to fight against the bourgeoisie, the use of violence is necessary.  But their principal thrusts are directed not against the bourgeoisie, but against the Socialist parties that do not agree with them.  And they dare give this caricature the name of Dictatorship of the Proletariat!

Socialism must necessarily be founded on democratic principles.  If not, “it cuts off the branch of the tree on which it rests,” according to the expression of Kautsky.

Socialism needs constructive elements.  It does not limit itself to the destruction of ancient forms of existence; it creates new ones.  But Bolshevism has only destructive elements.  It does nothing but destroy, always destroy, with a blind hatred, a savage fanaticism.