writing, and he ever waged a fierce war against church bells and itinerant musicians.  Even when in Scotland his troubles did not cease, for he writes about ’a most infernal piper practising under the window for a competition of pipers which is to come off shortly.’  Elsewhere he says that he found Dover ‘too bandy’ for him (he carefully explains he does not refer to its legs), while in a letter to Forster he complains bitterly of the vagrant musicians at Broadstairs, where he ’cannot write half an hour without the most excruciating organs, fiddles, bells, or glee singers.’  The barrel-organ, which he somewhere calls an ‘Italian box of music,’ was one source of annoyance, but bells were his special aversion.  ’If you know anybody at St. Paul’s,’ he wrote to Forster, ’I wish you’d send round and ask them not to ring the bell so.  I can hardly hear my own ideas as they come into my head, and say what they mean.’  His bell experiences at Genoa are referred to elsewhere (p. 57).

How marvellously observant he was is manifest in the numerous references in his letters and works to the music he heard in the streets and squares of London and other places.  Here is a description of Golden Square, London, W. (N.N.): 

Two or three violins and a wind instrument from the Opera band reside within its precincts.  Its boarding-houses are musical, and the notes of pianos and harps float in the evening time round the head of the mournful statue, the guardian genius of the little wilderness of shrubs, in the centre of the square....  Sounds of gruff voices practising vocal music invade the evening’s silence, and the fumes of choice tobacco scent the air.  There, snuff and cigars and German pipes and flutes, and violins and violoncellos, divide the supremacy between them.  It is the region of song and smoke.  Street bands are on their mettle in Golden Square, and itinerant glee singers quaver involuntarily as they raise their voices within its boundaries.

We have another picture in the description of Dombey’s house, where—­

the summer sun was never on the street but in the morning, about breakfast-time....  It was soon gone again, to return no more that day, and the bands of music and the straggling Punch’s shows going after it left it a prey to the most dismal of organs and white mice.

As a Singer

Most of the writers about Dickens, and especially his personal friends, bear testimony both to his vocal power and his love of songs and singing.  As a small boy we read of him and his sister Fanny standing on a table singing songs, and acting them as they sang.  One of his favourite recitations was Dr. Watts’ ‘The voice of the sluggard,’ which he used to give with great effect.  The memory of these words lingered long in his mind, and both Captain Cuttle and Mr. Pecksniff quote them with excellent appropriateness.