Two bushels of green grapes in 1332 fetched 7s. 6d.[327] Richard II planted vines in great plenty, according to Stow, within the upper park of Windsor, and sold some part to his people.  The wine made in England was sweetened with honey, and probably flavoured and coloured with blackberries.[328] At the dissolution of the monasteries there was a vineyard at Barking Nunnery.  ’We might have a reasonable good wine growing in many places of this realme’, says Barnaby Googe, about 1577, ’as doubtless we had immediately after the Conquest, tyll, partly by slothfulnesse, partly by civil discord long continued, it was left, and so with time lost....  There is besides Nottingham an ancient house called Chylwel in which remaineth yet as an ancient monument in a great wyndowe of glasse, the whole order of planting, proyning, stamping, and pressing of vines.  Upon many cliffes and hills are yet to be seen the rootes and old remaines of vines.’  Plot, in his Natural History of Staffordshire,[329] says ’the vine has been improved by Sir Henry Lyttelton at Over (Upper) Arley, which is situate low and warm, so that he has made wine there undistinguishable from the best French by the most judicious palates, but this I suppose was done only in some over hot summer, and Dr. Bathurst made very good claret at Oxon in 1685, a very mean year for the purpose.’  In 1720 the famous vineyard at Bath of 6 acres, planted with the ‘white muscadene’ and the ‘black Chester grape,’ produced 66 hogsheads of wine worth L10 a hogshead, but in unfavourable years grew very little.’[330] Mr. Peter Collinson, writing from Middlesex in 1747, says, ’the vineyards turn to good profit, much wine being made this year in England;’ and again in 1748, ’my vineyards are very ripe; a considerable quantity of wine will this year be made in England.’[331] However, the attempt made to grow vines on the undercliff at Ventnor at the end of the eighteenth century by Sir Richard Worsley ended in dismal failure, and it is probable that the English climate in its normal years seldom produced good grapes out of doors whatever it may have done in exceptionally hot ones, unless we assume that it has changed considerably, for which there is little ground.

Hartlib was no friend of commons; they made the poor idle and trained them for the gallows or beggary, and there were fewest poor where there were fewest commons,[332] as in Kent—­a statement re-echoed by many observant writers; he also recommends enclosures, because they gave warmth and consequent fertility to the soil.  He tells us that an effort had been made by James I to encourage the growth of mulberry trees and the breeding of silkworms, the lords-lieutenant of the different counties being urged to see to it, but it had little effect.[333]

The number of different sorts of wheat was by this time considerable.  Hartlib gives the white, red, bearded (’which is not subject to mildews as others’); some sorts with two rows, others with four and six; some with one ear on a stalk, others with two; the red stalk wheat of Bucks; winter wheat and summer wheat.  There were also twenty varieties of peas that he knew, and the white, black, naked.  Scotch, and Poland oats.  Markham adds the whole straw wheat, the great brown pollard, the white pollard, the organ, the flaxen, and the chilter wheat.