[Illustration:  FIG. 100.—­A modified wheelbarrow.]

This shows that in loading a wheelbarrow, it is important to arrange the load as near to the wheel as possible.

[Illustration:  FIG. 101.—­The nutcracker is a lever.]

The nutcracker (Fig. 101) is an illustration of a double lever of the wheelbarrow kind; the nearer the nut is to the fulcrum, the easier the cracking.

[Illustration:  FIG. 102.—­The hand exerts a small force over a long distance and draws out a nail.]

Hammers (Fig. 102), tack-lifters, scissors, forceps, are important levers, and if you will notice how many different levers (fig. 103) are used by all classes of men, you will understand how valuable a machine this simple device is.

155.  The Inclined Plane.  A man wishes to load the 600-pound bowlder on a wagon, and proceeds to do it by means of a plank, as in Figure 93.  Such an arrangement is called an inclined plane.

The advantage of an inclined plane can be seen by the following experiment.  Select a smooth board 4 feet long and prop it so that the end A (Fig. 104) is 1 foot above the level of the table; the length of the incline is then 4 times as great as its height.  Fasten a metal roller to a spring balance and observe its weight.  Then pull the roller uniformly upward along the plank and notice what the pull is on the balance, being careful always to hold the balance parallel to the incline.

When the roller is raised along the incline, the balance registers a pull only one fourth as great as the actual weight of the roller.  That is, when the roller weighs 12, a force of 3 suffices to raise it to the height A along the incline; but the smaller force must be applied throughout the entire length of the incline.  In many cases, it is preferable to exert a force of 30 pounds, for example, over the distance CA than a force of 120 pounds over the shorter distance BA.

[Illustration:  FIG. 103.—­Primitive man tried to lighten his task by balancing his burden.]

Prop the board so that the end A is 2 feet above the table level; that is, arrange the inclined plane in such a way that its length is twice as great as its height.  In that case the steady pull on the balance will be one half the weight of the roller; or a force of 6 pounds will suffice to raise the 12-pound roller.

[Illustration:  FIG. 104.—­Less force is required to raise the roller along the incline than to raise it to A directly.]

The steeper the incline, the more force necessary to raise a weight; whereas if the incline is small, the necessary lifting force is greatly reduced.  On an inclined plane whose length is ten times its height, the lifting force is reduced to one tenth the weight of the load.  The advantage of an incline depends upon the relative length and height, or is equal to the ratio of the length to the height.

156.  Application.  By the use of an inclined plank a strong man can load the 600-pound bowlder on a wagon.  Suppose the floor of the wagon is 2 feet above the ground, then if a 6-foot plank is used, 200 pounds of force will suffice to raise the bowlder; but the man will have to push with this force against the bowlder while it moves over the entire length of the plank.