Whether Peter was guilty or not, his seeming defection was a sore blow to his imperial patron.  “Alas!” moaned Frederick, “I am abandoned by my most faithful friends; Peter, the friend of my heart, on whom I leaned for support, has deserted me and sought my destruction.  Whom can I trust?  My days are henceforth doomed to pass in sorrow and suspicion.”

His days were near their end.  Not long after the events narrated, while again in the field at the head of a fresh army of Saracens, he was suddenly seized with a mortal illness at Firenzuola, and died there on the 13th of December, 1250, becoming reconciled with the church on his deathbed.  He was buried at Palermo.

Thus died one of the most intellectual, progressive, free-thinking, and pleasure-loving emperors of Germany, after a long reign over a realm in which he seldom appeared, and an almost incessant period of warfare against the head of a church of which he was supposed to be the imperial protector.  Seven crowns were his,—­those of the kingdom of Germany and of the Roman empire, the iron diadem of Lombardy, and those of Burgundy, Sicily, Sardinia, and Jerusalem.  But of all the realms under his rule the smiling lands of Sicily and southern Italy were most to his liking, and the scene of his most constant abode.  Charming palaces were built by him at Naples, Palermo, Messina, and several other places, and in these he surrounded himself with the noblest bards and most beautiful women of the empire, and by all that was attractive in the art, science, and poetry of his times.  Moorish dancing-girls and the arts and learning of the East abounded in his court.  The Sultan Camel presented him with a rare tent, in which, by means of artfully contrived mechanism, the movements of the heavenly bodies were represented.  Michael Scott, his astrologer, translated Aristotle’s “History of Animals.”  Frederick studied ornithology, on which he wrote a treatise, and possessed a menagerie of rare animals, including a giraffe, and other strange creatures.  The popular dialect of Italy owed much to him, being elevated into a written language by his use of it in his love-sonnets.  Of the poems written by himself, his son Enzio, and his friends, several have been preserved, while his chancellor, Peter de Vincis, is said to have originated the sonnet.

We have already spoken of his reforms in his southern kingdom.  It was his purpose to introduce similar reforms into the government of Germany, abolishing the feudal system, and creating a centralized and organized state, with a well-regulated system of finance.  But ideas such as these were much too far in advance of the age.  State and church alike opposed them, and Frederick’s intelligent views did not long survive him.  History must have its evolution, political systems their growth, and the development of institutions has never been much hastened or checked by any man’s whip or curb.