The battle was one of frightful slaughter.  Its turning-point came when the Saxon infantry, which had hitherto fought on the French side, deserted Napoleon’s cause in the thick of the fight, and went over in a body to the enemy.  It was an act of treachery whose fatal effect no effort could overcome.  The day ended with victory in the hands of the allies.  The French were driven back close upon the walls of Leipsic, with the serried columns of Germany and Russia closing them in, and bent on giving no relaxation to their desperate foe.

The struggle was at an end.  Longer resistance would have been madness.  Napoleon ordered a retreat.  But the Elster had to be crossed, and only a single bridge remained for the passage of the army and its stores.  All night long the French poured across the bridge with what they could take of their wagons and guns.  Morning dawned with the rush and hurry of the retreat still in active progress.  A strong rear-guard held the town, and Napoleon himself made his way across the bridge with difficulty through the crowding masses.

Hardly had he crossed when a frightful misfortune occurred.  The bridge had been mined, to blow it up on the approach of the foe.  This duty had been carelessly trusted to a subaltern, who, frightened by seeing some of the enemy on the river-side, set fire hastily to the train.  The bridge blew up with a tremendous explosion, leaving a rear-guard of twenty-five thousand men in Leipsic cut off from all hope of escape.  Some officers plunged on horseback into the stream and swam across.  Prince Poniatowsky, the gallant Pole, essayed the same, but perished in the attempt.  The soldiers of the rear-guard were forced to surrender as prisoners of war.  In this great conflict, which had continued for four days, and in which the most of the nations of Europe took part, eighty thousand men are said to have been slain.  The French lost very heavily in prisoners and guns.  Only a hasty retreat to the Rhine saved the remainder of their army from being cut off and captured.  On the 20th Napoleon succeeded in crossing that frontier river of his kingdom with seventy thousand men, the remnant of the grand army with which he had sought to hold Prussia after the disastrous end of the invasion of Russia.

[Illustration:  A GERMAN MILK WAGON.]

Germany was at length freed from its mighty foe.  The garrisons which had been left in its cities were forced to surrender as prisoners of war.  France in its turn was invaded, Paris taken, and Napoleon forced to resign the imperial crown, and to retire from his empire to the little island of Elba, near the Italian coast.  In 1815 he returned, again set Europe in flame with war, and fell once more at Waterloo, to end his career in the far-off island of St. Helena.

Thus ended the empire founded by the great conqueror.  The next to claim the imperial title was Louis Napoleon, who in 1851 had himself crowned as Napoleon III.  But his so-called empire was confined to France, and fell in 1870 on the field of Sedan, himself and his army being taken prisoners.  A republic was declared in France, and the second French empire was at an end.