In this siege the Turks had lost forty-eight thousand men.  Twenty thousand more fell on the day of battle, and an equal number during the retreat.  It is said that in the tent of the grand vizier were found letters from Louis XIV. containing the full plan of the siege, and to the many crimes of ambition of this monarch seems to be added that of bringing this frightful peril upon Europe for his own selfish ends.  As for the unlucky vizier, he was put to death by strangling, by order of the angry sultan, on his reaching Belgrade.  It is said that his head, found on the taking of Belgrade by Eugene, years afterwards, was sent to Bishop Kolonitsch, whose own head the vizier had threatened to take in revenge for his labors among the wounded of Vienna.

The war with the Turks continued, with some few intermissions, for fifteen years afterwards.  It ended to the great advantage of the Christian armies.  One after another the fortresses of Hungary were wrested from their hands, and in the year 1687 they were totally defeated at Mohacz by the Duke of Lorraine and Prince Eugene, and the whole of Hungary torn from their grasp.

In 1697 another great victory over them was won by Eugene, at Zenta, by which the power of the Turks was completely broken.  Belgrade, which they had long held, fell into his hands, and a peace was signed which confirmed Austria in the possession of all Hungary.  From that time forward the terror which the Turkish name had so long inspired vanished, and the siege of Vienna may be looked upon as the concluding act in the long array of invasions of Europe by the Mongolian hordes of Asia.  It was to be followed by the gradual recovery, now almost consummated, of their European dominions from their hands.

THE YOUTH OF FREDERICK THE GREAT.

An extraordinarily rude, coarse, and fierce old despot was Frederick William, first King of Prussia, son of the great Elector and father of Frederick the Great.  He hated France and the French language and culture, then so much in vogue in Europe; he despised learning and science; ostentation was to him a thing unknown; and he had but two passions, one being to possess the tallest soldiers in Europe, the other to have his own fierce will in all things on which he set his mind.  About all that we can say in his favor is that he paid much attention to the promotion of education in his realm, many schools being opened and compulsory attendance enforced.

Of the fear with which he inspired many of his subjects, and the methods he took to overcome it, there is no better example than that told in relation to a Jew, whom the king saw as he was riding one day through Berlin.  The poor Israelite was slinking away in dread, when the king rode up, seized him, and asked in harsh tones what ailed him.

“Sire, I was afraid of you,” said the trembling captive.

“Fear me! fear me, do you?” exclaimed the king in a rage, lashing his riding-whip across the man’s shoulders with every word.  “You dog!  I’ll teach you to love me!”