Monday, December 3.  The morning was fine, but in the afternoon the weather became cold with the wind from the northwest.  The father of the Mandan who was killed brought us a present of dried pumpkins and some pemitigon, for which we gave him some small articles.  Our offer of assistance to avenge the death of his son seemed to have produced a grateful respect from him, as well as from the brother of the deceased, which pleased us much.

Tuesday 4th.  The wind continues from the northwest, the weather cloudy and raw, and the river rose one inch, Oscapsahe and two young chiefs pass the day with us.  The whole religion of the Mandans consists in the belief of one great spirit presiding over their destinies.  This being must be in the nature of a good genius since it is associated with the healing art, and the great spirit is synonymous with great medicine, a name also applied to every thing which they do not comprehend.  Each individual selects for himself the particular object of his devotion, which is termed his medicine, and is either some invisible being or more commonly some animal, which thenceforward becomes his protector or his intercessor with the great spirit; to propitiate whom every attention is lavished, and every personal consideration is sacrificed.  “I was lately owner of seventeen horses,” said a Mandan to us one day, “but I have offered them all up to my medicine and am now poor.”  He had in reality taken all his wealth, his horses, into the plain, and turning them loose committed them to the care of his medicine and abandoned them forever.  The horses less religious took care of themselves, and the pious votary travelled home on foot.  Their belief in a future state is connected with this tradition of their origin:  the whole nation resided in one large village under ground near a subterraneous lake; a grape-vine extended its roots down to their habitation and gave them a view of the light:  some of the most adventurous climed up the vine and were delighted with the sight of the earth, which they found covered with buffaloe and rich with every kind of fruits:  returning with the grapes they had gathered, their countrymen were so pleased with the taste of them that the whole nation resolved to leave their dull residence for the charms of the upper region; men, women and children ascended by means of the vine; but when about half the nation had reached the surface of the earth, a corpulent woman who was clambering up the vine broke it with her weight, and closed upon herself and the rest of the nation the light of the sun.  Those who were left on earth made a village below where we saw the nine villages; and when the Mandans die they expect to return to the original seats of their forefathers; the good reaching the ancient village by means of the lake, which the burden of the sins of the wicked will not enable them to cross.

Wednesday 5.  The morning was cold and disagreeable, the wind from the southeast accompanied with snow:  in the evening there was snow again and the wind shifted to the northeast:  we were visited by several Indians with a present of pumpkins, and by two of the traders of the northwest company.