prayers offered up to the Most High, whom we adore, and who cannot forsake us, because he never forsakes a just cause.’  Again, in the conclusion of their address to the People of Portugal, quoted before, ’The universal cry of Spain is, we will die in defence of our country, but we will take care that those infamous enemies shall die with us.  Come then, ye generous Portugueze, and unite with us.  You have among yourselves the objects of your vengeance—­obey not the authors of your misfortunes—­attack them—­they are but a handful of miserable panic-struck men, humiliated and conquered already by the perfidy and cruelties which they have committed, and which have covered them with disgrace in the eyes of Europe and the world!  Rise then in a body, but avoid staining your honourable hands with crimes, for your design is to resist them and to destroy them—­our united efforts will do for this perfidious nation; and Portugal, Spain, nay, all Europe, shall breathe or die free like men.’—­Such are their hopes; and again see, upon this subject, the paper entitled ‘Precautions;’ a contrast this to the impious mockery of Providence, exhibited by the Tyrant in some passages heretofore quoted!  ’Care shall be taken to explain to the nation, and to convince them that, when free, as we trust to be, from this civil war, to which the French have forced us, and when placed in a state of tranquillity, our Lord and King, Ferdinand VII, being restored to the throne of Spain, under him and by him, the Cortes will be assembled, abuses reformed, and such laws shall be enacted, as the circumstances of the time and experience may dictate for the public good and happiness.  Things which we Spaniards know how to do, which we have done as well as other nations, without any necessity that the vile French should come to instruct us, and, according to their custom, under the mask of friendship, should deprive us of our liberty, our laws, &c. &c.’

One extract more and I shall conclude.  It is from a proclamation dated Oviedo, July 17th.  ’Yes—­Spain with the energies of Liberty has to contend with France debilitated by slavery.  If she remain firm and constant, Spain will triumph.  A whole people is more powerful than disciplined armies.  Those, who unite to maintain the independence of their country, must triumph over tyranny.  Spain will inevitably conquer, in a cause the most just that has ever raised the deadly weapon of war; for she fights, not for the concerns of a day, but for the security and happiness of ages; not for an insulated privilege, but for the rights of human nature; not for temporal blessings, but for eternal happiness; not for the benefit of one nation, but for all mankind, and even for France herself.’