The government of Asturias, which was the first to rise against their oppressors, thus expresses itself in the opening of its Address to the People of that Province.  ’Loyal Asturians! beloved Countrymen! your wishes are already fulfilled.  The Principality, discharging those duties which are most sacred to men, has already declared war against France.  You may perhaps dread this vigorous resolution.  But what other measure could or ought we to adopt?  Shall there be found one single man among us, who prefers the vile and ignominious death of slaves, to the glory of dying on the field of honour, with arms in his hand, defending our unfortunate monarch; our homes, our children, and our wives?  If, in the very moment when those bands of banditti were receiving the kindest offices and favours from the inhabitants of our Capital, they murdered in cold blood upwards of two thousand people, for no other reason than their having defended their insulted brethren, what could we expect from them, had we submitted to their dominion?  Their perfidious conduct towards our king and his whole family, whom they deceived and decoyed into France under the promise of an eternal armistice, in order to chain them all, has no precedent in history.  Their conduct towards the whole nation is more iniquitous, than we had the right to expect from a horde of Hottentots.  They have profaned our temples; they have insulted our religion; they have assailed our wives; in fine, they have broken all their promises, and there exists no right which they have not violated.  To arms, Asturians! to arms!’ The Supreme Junta of Government, sitting at Seville, introduces its declaration of war in words to the same effect.  ’France, under the government of the emperor Napoleon the First, has violated towards Spain the most sacred compacts—­has arrested her monarchs—­obliged them to a forced and manifestly void abdication and renunciation; has behaved with the same violence towards the Spanish Nobles whom he keeps in his power—­has declared that he will elect a king of Spain, the most horrible attempt that is recorded in history—­has sent his troops into Spain, seized her fortresses and her Capital, and scattered his troops throughout the country—­has committed against Spain all sorts of assassinations, robberies, and unheard-of cruelties; and this he has done with the most enormous ingratitude to the services which the Spanish nation has rendered France, to the friendship it has shewn her, thus treating it with the most dreadful perfidy, fraud, and treachery, such as was never committed against any nation or monarch by the most barbarous or ambitious king or people.  He has in fine declared, that he will trample down our monarchy, our fundamental laws, and bring about the ruin of our holy catholic religion.—­The only remedy therefore to such grievous ills, which are so manifest to all Europe, is in war, which we declare against him.’  The injuries, done to the Portugueze Nation and Government,